Nanolipogel Loaded with Tea Tree Oil for the Management of Burn: GC-MS Analysis, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Abstract

The GC-MS analysis of tea tree oil (TTO) revealed 38 volatile components with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43.56%) and alcohols (41.03%) as major detected classes. TTO efficacy is masked by its hydrophobicity; nanoencapsulation can address this drawback. The results showed that TTO-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN1), composed of glyceryl monostearate (2% w/w) and Poloxamer188 (5% w/w), was spherical in shape with a core-shell microstructure. TTO-SLN1 showed a high entrapment efficiency (96.26 ± 2.3%), small particle size (235.0 ± 20.4 nm), low polydispersity index (0.31 ± 0.01), and high negative Zeta potential (−32 mV). Moreover, it exhibited a faster active agent release (almost complete within 4 h) compared to other formulated TTO-SLNs as well as the plain oil. TTO-SLN1 was then incorporated into cellulose nanofibers gel, isolated from sugarcane bagasse, to form the ‘TTO-loaded nanolipogel’ which had a shear-thinning behavior. Second-degree thermal injuries were induced in Wistar rats, then the burned skin areas were treated daily for 7 days with the TTO-loaded nanolipogel compared to the unmedicated nanolipogel, the TTO-loaded conventional gel, and the normal saline (control). The measurement of burn contraction proved that TTO-loaded nanolipogel exhibited a significantly accelerated skin healing, this was confirmed by histopathological examination as well as quantitative assessment of inflammatory infiltrate. This study highlighted the success of the proposed nanotechnology approach in improving the efficacy of TTO used for the repair of skin damage induced by burns.

The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and its metal nanoparticles in oral bacteria

“…6 and Table 1 ). Monoterpene hydrocarbons (Gamma-Terpinene) and alcohols (Terpinen-4-ol) were also detected in a previous study ( Kamel et al, 2022 ). Our findings from the GC-MS and FTIR analysis could be well matched since Terpinen-4-ol and 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (R) beside N,N-Bis (Carbobenzyloxy)-lysine methyl (ester) and Tetrakis (pentafluorobenzoyl)-hydrazine were already suggested from the FTIR analysis due to the detected OH and amine groups respectively.…”

Cellulosic Textiles—An Appealing Trend for Different Pharmaceutical Applications

“…However, these topical preparations require frequent cleaning and reapplication [ 221 ]. Therefore, the use of nanofibers-based wound dressings has been extensively growing owing to their biodegradability, high air permeability, hypoallergenic properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and their ability to absorb secretions from the injured site in addition to their effective enhancement of cell proliferation, allowing for the gradual release of nanofibers-loaded active agents into wounded areas [ 18 , 222 , 223 ].…”

“…The multiple benign properties of cellulose have encouraged its exploitation in the pharmaceutical field [9][10][11][12]. Recently, our team used nanocellulose isolated from agrowastes (e.g., sugarcane bagasse) as a pharmaceutical ingredient for formulations designed for tissue regeneration [13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Preparation of tea tree oil nanoemulsion: Characterisation, antibacterial mechanism and evaluation of apoptosis

“…21 Although TTO has a natural origin, strong antibacterial ability and low microbial resistance, the use of EOs as antibacterial agents still has serious limitations such as low aqueous solubility, high volatility and instability. 22,23 Tea tree oil has been loaded into suitable delivery systems such as liposomes, 24 lipid nanoparticles, 25 cyclodextrin complexes 26 and microcapsules. 27 However, these delivery systems have high preparation costs and require complex processes.…”

“…Tea tree oil has been loaded into suitable delivery systems such as liposomes, 24 lipid nanoparticles, 25 cyclodextrin complexes 26 and microcapsules 27 . However, these delivery systems have high preparation costs and require complex processes.…”