Nanogels of carboxymethyl chitosan and lysozyme encapsulated amorphous calcium phosphate to occlude dentinal tubules

Abstract

This study aimed to develop of a rapid and effective method to occlude dentinal tubules using carboxymethyl chitosan and lysozyme (CMC/LYZ) nanogels with encapsulated amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) based on the transformation of ACP to HAP. In this work, CMC/LYZ was used to stabilize ACP and form CMC/LYZ-ACP nanogels, and then the nanogel-encapsulated ACP was applied to exposed dentinal tubule surfaces. The morphology of the nanogels was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Distribution and quantity of elements in CMC/LYZ-ACP nanogels were determined by element mapping and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, XRD measurements and nanoindentation were applied to check the efficacy of tubular occlusion. TEM revealed that CMC/LYZ-ACP nanogels were spherical dense gel particles with size approximately 50-500 nm. Element mapping and EDX indicated that C, N, O, Ca, P, and S in the microspheres are thoroughly represented. SEM images shows that the thickness of the coating layer was approximately 1-2 μm and the depth to which the mineralized substance enters the dentinal tubule was approximately 4-8 μm. XRD measurements and nanoindentation indicated that the occluding mineralized substance observed were similar to nature dentin. CMC can form spherical dense nanogels loaded with ACP under the participation of lysozyme. The CMC/LYZ-ACP nanogels could increase the dentinal tubule occluding effectiveness. These results indicated that finding and developing novel nanomaterials of CMC/LYZ-ACP would be an effective strategy for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity.

Effect of a whitlockite glass-ceramic on the occlusion of dentinal tubules for dentin hypersensitivity treatment

“…In this sense, removing the smear layer from the dentin was possible to obtain a relatively realistic physiological environment similar to what is associated with the traditional dentinal tubule exposure model (Suge et al, 2008). The FTIR spectra of NT samples demonstrate that EDTA is effective as a demineralizing agent for dentin, as described by Song et al (2018). In contrast, BG, GL and WGC present higher quantities of phosphate, at 1016 and 1097 cm -1 , and carbonate, at 875 cm -1 , when compared to the spectra of NT.…”

Acidic Monetite Complex Paste with Bleaching Property for In-depth Occlusion of Dentinal Tubules

“…New materials, including mesoporous silica nanocomposites with electrophoretic deposition, 26,36 bio-calcium carbonate silica, 43 and amyloid-like protein, have been tested. 49 The greatest depth of occluding dentin tubules is 60 μm in previous literature. In our experiment, the mineralizing depth reached 80 μm.…”

“…7,8 Based on this theory, the main strategy to treat DH is to reduce dentin permeability by blocking/occluding dentinal tubules. [9][10][11] Current materials for dentinal tubule occlusion include sodium fluoride/stannous fluoride, [12][13][14] strontium chloride/acetate, 15,16 potassium oxalate, [17][18][19] arginine, 20,21 calcium phosphate and its composites, [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] bioglass and silicates, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] laser, 44,45 gallic acid (tannin)/Fe 3+ complex, 47,48 amyloid-like aggregation coating, 49 and selfassembly peptide. 51 Although some of these demonstrate clinical effectiveness in tooth desensitization, no treatment regimen presently exhibits long-lasting efficiency in treating DH.…”

“…51 Although some of these demonstrate clinical effectiveness in tooth desensitization, no treatment regimen presently exhibits long-lasting efficiency in treating DH. 46,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] The desensitizing duration is limited because the penetration depth of the precipitation into dentinal tubules is less than 10 µm; 43,49 consequently, the tubules cannot withstand the stresses of the oral environment, such as erosion, brushing and chewing force, tooth wear, and degradation over time. Therefore, efficient and enduring materials must be developed for in-depth dentinal tubule occlusion.…”

Carbohydrate‐based nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…Each CMCS shows different water solubility and biological activity depending on the degree of carboxymethylation (Upadhyaya, Singh, Agarwal, & Tewari, ). CMCS can be assembled into nanoparticles and hydrogels exploiting electrostatic interactions (Al‐Rashida, Haider, Kortz, Joshi, & Iqbal, ; Song et al, ). In particular, self‐healing metal crosslinked CMCS hydrogels with high antibacterial activity can be used for tissue engineering and wound healing (Wahid et al, ).…”