the promising technologies for the separation of neutral and charged solutes in aqueous solutions [1,2]. It has two interesting features: one is the molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) between reverse osmosis (RO) membranes and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, which ranges from 200 to 2000 Da; the other is the separation of electrolytes due to the materials containing charged groups [1][2][3][4][5]. According to these two features and actual applications, NF can be considered as a membrane separation process between UF and RO [1,2]. As a "dense UF" membrane, the NF membrane has higher selectivity than the UF membrane when applied in many product separation processes, such as desalination and concentration [6], separation and purification [7,8]. As a "loose RO" membrane, the NF membrane can save more energy than the RO membrane when used in drinking water production and treatment [9,10] and re-use of municipal water [11,12]. The unique performances of the NF membrane may be ascribed to its size and charge effects. The structure of typical NF membranes was assumed to be a bundle of charged capillaries with structural parameters (the pore radius r p , the ratio of membrane porosity to membrane thickness A k /Dx) and electrical properties (such as the surface charge density q w ). As for the characterization of pore radius and pore size distribution, Nakao [3] once reviewed direct physical methods and indirect methods on the basis of the rejection performance using reference particles and a quantitative pore model or the so-called hydrodynamic model.Theories used to predict the separation performances of an NF membrane usually include: the non-equilibrium thermodynamic model, the pore model, the space charge model, the TMS model, the electrostatic and steric-hindrance model, and the semiempirical model [1,2,4,9]. For several years now, a lot of efforts have been devoted to developing models appropriate for the NF separation process and some good modeling work has been completed. However, some questions still exist, though it is clear that both sieve and electrostatic effects play a major role [13]. When one tries to model and Abstract Although there is a voluminous literature on the determination of structural parameters (the pore radius, the ratio of membrane porosity to membrane thickness) of a nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its separation performance (such as the rejection and the permeation flux) by the simplified Teorell-Meyer-Sievers (TMS) model, little of this research comments on other theories and the consequences of linking modeling evaluation to technological application. Theories used to predict the separation performance of an NF membrane usually include: the non-equilibrium thermodynamic model, the pore model, the space charge model, the TMS model, the electrostatic and steric-hindrance model, and the semiempirical model. In the article, we briefly trace the origins or the general ideas of the above-mentioned theories. From there, recent researches on the characterization of membrane structural parameters...