Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine

Pronk, Wouter; Palmquist, Helena; Biebow, Martin; Boller, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.038

Cited by 159 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Adsorptions of pesticides, steroid hormones, volatile organic carbon (VOCs) and pharmaceuticals of up to 100% are obtained [24,35,66,96,64,119,65,87,148,93,106,151,70,97].…”

Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most studies are focused on xenobiotics that become negatively charged and are repelled by the membrane, Heijman et al [51] and Pronk et al [106] showed that attraction between the negative membrane and positively charged xenobiotics translates into lower retentions. However Radjenovic et al [110] obtained rejections >90% for positively charged pharmaceuticals in a Spanish drinking water treatment plant.…”

Section: Charge Repulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When NOM is present in solution enhanced retention is generally obtained for xenobiotics [1,34,91,93,144,56,70,110] due to partitioning of the contaminant into the retained NOM [103,106]. Agbekodo et al [1] showed that increasing organic carbon concentration from 2 to 2.8 mg/L increases pesticide removal from 67% to 90%.…”

Section: Solute-solute Interaction With Retained Organics Increases Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NOM can block the membrane pores or change the membrane surface properties enhancing contaminant removal by steric exclusion and charge repulsion [106,51,56,69,90,28,80,89,97].…”

Section: Membrane Fouling Increases Xenobiotics Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Semiao

Schäfer

2009

Environmental Pollution

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Small molecular weight xenobiotics are compounds of extreme concern in potable water applications due to their adverse human health and environmental effects. However, conventional water treatment processes cannot fully and systematically remove them due to their low concentrations in natural waters and wastewaters. Biological limitation to degrade such compounds is another cause for inefficient removal.Physical barriers like membranes possessing pore sizes smaller than the compounds to be removed emerged as a good solution. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis proved to be quite effective for xenobiotics removal in potable water production in the Paris purification plant of Méry-sur-Oise. However, even these very narrow pore membrane processes may result in incomplete removal: xenobiotics retention is high but factors such as adsorption, size exclusion and charge repulsion affect unpredictably their retention. The water solutions complexity to be treated renders xenobiotics removal predictions even more difficult due to interactions between xenobiotics and compounds in water.Removal of xenobiotics by microfiltration and ultrafiltration is very low because adsorption on the membrane is the main retention mechanism. Combining those with other processes (e.g. activated carbon) can considerably improve xenobiotics removal.The least studied processes in xenobiotics removal are electrodialysis, membrane distillation and pervaporation. Electrodialysis removal of organic xenobiotics shows a breakthrough through the membrane possibly due to adsorption followed by diffusion. Membrane distillation presents high removal rates of xenobiotics due to the compounds low vapour pressure. For volatile organic xenobiotics or solutions of trace amounts both membrane distillation and pervaporation can be used, xenobiotics interaction with the membrane being the key factor.In this book chapter a thorough synopsis of current knowledge on xenobiotics removal is presented and balanced with recent fundamental studies of underlying mechanisms, informing both the practitioner regarding membrane capabilities for xenobiotics removal and the researcher with the current state-of-art.

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“…Adsorptions of pesticides, steroid hormones, volatile organic carbon (VOCs) and pharmaceuticals of up to 100% are obtained [24,35,66,96,64,119,65,87,148,93,106,151,70,97].…”

Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Charge Repulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solute-solute Interaction With Retained Organics Increases Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NOM can block the membrane pores or change the membrane surface properties enhancing contaminant removal by steric exclusion and charge repulsion [106,51,56,69,90,28,80,89,97].…”

Section: Membrane Fouling Increases Xenobiotics Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Semiao

Schäfer

2009

Environmental Pollution

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“…Similarly, electrodialysis is looked at as highly energy-consuming [8]. Nanofiltration was shown to reject phosphate efficiently, while a high proportion of the nutrient ammonia escaped with the permeate [9]. High power consumption has also been estimated for freeze concentration of urine [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Gulyas¹,

Zhang²,

Otterpohl³

2014

JEP

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In order to avoid the loss of ammonia during solar drying of stored urine, low-tech stripping is suggested as a pretreatment process for ammonia recovery. The mass transfer of ammonia from stored urine with an initial pH of about 9 was tested in a simple closed vessel operated at 72˚C, 74˚C and 85˚C. The specific urine/gas interface was 16.97 m −1 . For ammonia absorption, a beaker with sulfuric acid was positioned in the gas phase of the container. After keeping the stored urine for 73 h at 85˚C, the concentration of free ammonia (NH3) was reduced by more than 99%, and the pH of the stored urine decreased to 6.4 due to ammonia volatilization. Total ammonia ( 3 NH + + 4 NH ) concentration was reduced by only 83% in the same period. At lower temperatures, the process was slower. Required treatment time can be reduced when specific gas/liquid interface is increased. Because it is known that water can be heated in solar boxes to temperatures above 90˚C, this simple stripping apparatus is feasible to be operated with solar energy in remote areas with suitable climatic conditions where no electric power is available. As the area demand for solar "low-tech stripping" is less than 1 m 2 per capita, this process can be looked at as a suitable pretreatment of stored urine prior to solar evaporation.

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Solution‐Diffusion Processes

Verliefde

Meeren

Bruggen

2013

Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology

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The solution‐diffusion model has been widely used to describe solute and solvent transport through high pressure membranes. The main proposition of the theory is that the driving force is a gradient in (electro)chemical potential. This makes the theory applicable to all dense membrane processes because common membrane driving forces such as gradients in temperature, electromotive forces, concentration, and pressure can in fact be translated to (electro)chemical potential gradients. This review describes the origin of the solution‐diffusion model and the premises on which it was built. The theory is derived in more detail for reverse osmosis and the strong and weak points are highlighted. Possible adaptations such as convection–diffusion models and extended Nernst–Planck approaches are elaborated on.

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Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine

Cited by 159 publications

References 29 publications

Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Solution‐Diffusion Processes

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