Nanofiber-reinforced transparent, tough, and self-healing substrate for an electronic skin with damage detection and program-controlled autonomic repair

Self-Healing Hydrogels: From Synthesis to Multiple Applications

“…For self-healing hydrogels, their damaged structures are restored to generate a new cross-linked network, and the mechanical and rheological performances of self-repaired hydrogels also may be recovered fully or partially. Physical cross-linking, such as hydrogen bonding, ,, host–guest, , metal coordination, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and dipole–dipole interactions, , can be applied to prepare self-healing hydrogels. Furthermore, reversible chemical cross-links, including Schiff base bonds, borate bonds, , disulfide bonds, hydrazone bonds, and Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction, are also suitable for the construction of self-healing hydrogels.…”

Microfluidic Sensing Textile for Continuous Monitoring of Sweat Glucose at Rest

“…However, on-demand and in situ sweat analysis using textile sensors during sedentary states of the human body remains a prominent challenge because of the poor secretion rate, inefficient collection, and rapid sweat evaporation. − Temperature-dependent studies of sweat secretion have shown that the threshold temperature for thermal stimulation is 40 °C . Wearable Joule thermal textiles have been used in wearable devices to control skin temperature. − Joule-heated textiles can potentially be used as textile sensors’ heating elements for promoting sweat production in sedentary individuals. − Most textile sensors lack microfluidic modules and can only passively and randomly collect the sweat sample, which suffers from high sweat sample volume, poor anti-interference performance, and low long-term stability. ,− Fluid systems with these characteristics can be found in nature. , Natural porous networks with smooth mass transfer behavior, often referred to as Murray networks, have been observed in plant stems and leaf veins. − Evolution through natural selection has endowed rhizomes in the plant with a naturally porous network with asymmetric porosity and wettability to sustain life in hot and arid environments (Figure a). − The specific porous networks and wettability differences minimize resistance for directional water transport and promote water collection for drought tolerance. − Sweat-conducting devices with controlled directional fluid transport behavior based on Murray’s law effectively avoid evaporation and dilution of trace sweat and skin contamination. ,, Therefore, further optimizing the structure of textile sensors by integrating heating elements and bionic microfluidic networks with directional water transport behavior is an excellent solution for simultaneous sweat generation, collection, and retention. , …”

A review related to MXene preparation and its sensor arrays of electronic skins

“…A reference low-cost solderable fabrication process for stretchable flexible circuit boards is proposed. 10 Electronic skins that can self-heal after detecting damage inside of materials have also been developed. Interestingly, by incorporating the mechanochromophore spiropyran, E-skins were rendered sensory, displaying a bruise when stressed and remaining for hours for visual tracking of strain history.…”