Nanoferulic: From a by‐product of the beer industry toward the regeneration of the skin

Abstract

Background Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is one of the most abundant by‐products of the beer industry and causes serious environmental problems. Ferulic acid (FA) is an antioxidant with potential cosmeceutical applications. FA was extracted from BSG, developing a method of high extraction performance in order to be encapsulated in ultradeformable liposomes (Nanoferulic, NF). Aims To obtain a product with high added value such as FA, from a residue currently underused, using simple and economical chemical methods. To load FA into a nanosystem designed for the topical route, its encapsulation has the purpose to take profit from its photoprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in the deep layers of the skin. Methods Ferulic acid was obtained from dried BSG using acid and basic treatments in series. NF was prepared by lipid film resuspension of a solution containing FA obtained from BSG. Size and Z‐potential were determined. Cytotoxicity was assessed in vitro. Skin penetration was assessed by NF determination at different skin depths and by confocal microscopy. Results The yield of the extraction process was 0.43% on a dry basis. Encapsulation rendered liposomes of around 140 nm with 92% of encapsulation efficiency. No toxicity was observed in all the tested concentrations. Successful results were obtained from the regeneration studies. Conclusions It was possible to develop a nanosystem containing FA, generating a high‐value commercial input for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry. The use of BSG generated in industrial scale would help to reduce the volume of highly polluting waste.

Phenolic Compounds From Brewer's Spent Grains: Toward Green Recovery Methods and Applications in the Cosmetic Industry

“…BSG is a good source of valuable bioactive ingredients such as phenolic compounds extracted for the potential revalorization of this waste. The commercial usage of BSG bioactive extracts has already been explored as a nutraceutical ingredient, but its implementation in the cosmetic industry has only recently started to be proposed (Almendinger et al, 2020;Bucci et al, 2020;Di Domenico et al, 2020).…”

Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review

“…Particularly noteworthy in this group of compounds is trans-resveratrol, which is used in cosmetic formulations as an anti-aging and anti-hyperpigmentation ingredient which prevents skin discoloration by suppressing tyrosinase activity during melanogenesis [90][91][92]. Another phytochemical with strong antioxidant activity is ferulic acid, which can be also stabilized in cosmetic products in the form of lipid carriers [86] and liposomes [93]. It has been proved that ferulic acid does not exhibit toxicity even at higher concentrations.…”

“…Moreover, the regeneration studies have shown a significant improvement in skin condition during application of a liposomal nanosystem containing ferulic acid. Importantly, the source of ferulic acid was brewers' spent grain, which is one of the most abundant by-products in the beer industry, causing vast environmental problems [93].…”

Use of Natural Agents and Agrifood Wastes for the Treatment of Skin Photoaging

“…The conventional Soxhlet method was used to test the extraction efficacy of five different solvents on the peel residues of two Citrus spp. [ 95 ]. The outcomes highlighted high absorption at both UVA and UVB regions from all tested extracts, with no relevant negative impact on the antioxidant components, indicating the potential of these fruits as sources of UV protector molecules against harmful UV radiation.…”