Nanoencapsulation of clove oil and study of physico-chemical properties, cytotoxic, haemolytic and antioxidant activities

Abstract

The therapeutic properties of clove oil is known for centuries, however, the pungent nature, chemical instability and low water solubility impose limitations in harnessing its therapeutic potential. Hence, nanoencapsulation of clove oil was performed to overcome the above constraints and control its in-vitro release. The stability of nanoemulsion depends on various factors where the surfactant and its hydrophile/lipofile balance (HLB) play a key role. The non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, 40 and 80 with HLB of 16.7, 15.6 and 15, respectively, were used to study the stability of clove oil nanoemulsion (CON). The creaming index of CON prepared with Tween 20, 40 and 80 was 22.75 and 17.5 and 1.5%, respectively, after 8 days of storage at room temperature. Tween 20 and 40 produced particles > 300 nm while Tween 80 resulted in particles of size ∼150 nm. Transmission electron microscopic image of spray dried CON prepared with Tween 80 showed particle size in the range 150-190 nm after one month of storage at room temperature. The in vitro release studies showed 76% and 42% cumulative release of CON and native clove oil (NC), respectively at pH 7.4. The cellular toxicity of CON was significantly reduced by four fold compared to NC at a concentration of 60 µg/mL when tested on Caco2 cells. Similarly, haemolytic activity on red blood cells revealed less than 10% haemolysis signifying the compatibility of CON for its nutraceutical applications. In addition, CON also exhibited higher in-vitro antioxidant compared to NC as shown by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Collectively, we have developed a unique method for NC nanoencapsulation using cost effective polysaccharide (maltodextrin) and surfactant for stabilizing the nanoemulsion for increased bioactivity.

Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts

“…Moreover, sharp peaks at ~1700, 1610, and 1465 cm −1 were also found with Eug, which can be due to the C = C stretching of the aromatic moiety. These data were consistent with previous reports [ 51 , 52 ]. Similarly, the same peaks were also observed in the Eug-NE spectrum ( Fig 3B ), indicating the absence of a chemical interaction between Eug and Tween 20 in the nanoemulsion formulation.…”

Multidisciplinary Studies of Folk Medicine “Five Thieves’ Oil” (Olejek Pięciu Złodziei) Components

“…However, they noticed bands from O–H vibrations, which was not observed in our study. Similarly, Nagaraju et al [ 35 ] observed the presence of the hydroxylated group in samples of clove oil. It indicated directly that strong differences between the samples from various sources may occur.…”

Synthesis and Nano-Sized Characterization of Bioactive Oregano Essential Oil Molecule-Loaded Small Unilamellar Nanoliposomes with Antifungal Potentialities

“…OEO is mainly composed of carvacrol (57.4–69.6%), thymol (30.3–42.8%), cymene (17.7–51.3%), and terpinene (2.63–6.15%) [ 13 ]. These bioactive compounds have strong antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activity [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, the high volatility, sensitivity, and relatively low stability of EOs may minimize their performance when intended for use as pharmaceutical agents [ 15 ].…”

“…In this regard, incorporation of EOs into nanoliposomes holds a great strategy to improve bioavailability, minimize toxicity, and prevent the degradation of EOs for therapeutical proposes [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Thus, the combination of essential oils with engineered materials has made it possible to enhance EO features by protecting them from external factors, therefore avoiding degradation, oxidation, and reducing their volatility [ 17 ].…”