Nanoemulsion-Based Hydrogels and Organogels Containing Propolis and Dexpanthenol: Preparation, Characterization, and Comparative Evaluation of Stability, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Properties

Abstract

Recently, nanoemulsion-based gels have become very popular for dermal drug delivery, overcoming the disadvantages of conventional semi-solid drug forms. The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize nanoemulsion-based hydrogels and organogels containing combined propolis and dexpanthenol, and to compare their stability, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties. Within the scope of characterization studies, organoleptic properties, drug content, morphology, pH, gel-sol conversion temperature, spreadability, viscosity, FT-IR, and release properties were evaluated in hydrogels and organogels. The characterization studies carried out were subjected to short-term stability evaluation at room temperature and refrigerator for 3 months. While no phase separation was observed in any of the formulations kept in the refrigerator, phase separation was observed in four formulations kept at room temperature. The release study successfully obtained an extended release for propolis and dexpanthenol. In the antimicrobial susceptibility study, Hydrogel 1 showed activity against S. aureus, while Organogel 1 showed activity against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. In the cytotoxicity study against HDFa cells, both Hydrogel 1 and Organogel 1 were found to be nontoxic at low doses. These hydrogels and organogels, which contain propolis and dexpanthenol in combination for the first time, are promising systems that can be used in wound and burn models in the future.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles of Citrus limon Extract Embedded in Nanohydrogel Formulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…After 60 days, NHGF4 parameters such as odor, color, phase separation, homogeneity, and all other significant parameters were monitored. This process must be undertaken to determine whether formulations are either changing or remaining unchanged in appearance or effectiveness [ 37 ]. At low and exaggerated temperatures of 4 ± 2 °C and 40 ± 2 °C, respectively, NHGF4 passed the stability test in this study.…”

Gemini surfactant‐stabilized Pd nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application in the reduction and reductive acetylation in the water solvent

“…The viscosity versus shear rate profile at 50 C confirmed the inverse correlation of gel viscosity to that of shear rate, suggesting viscous liquid nature and elastic solid nature at high and low shear rate, respectively (Figure 1c). [30][31][32] Interestingly, the best aqueous phase dispersion of L4 gel was observed and hence, it was characterized further to know the structure in detail. Its liquid-phase FTIR spectra showed corresponding symmetric C (sp 3 )-H stretching, C (sp 3 )-N stretching, symmetric C (sp 3 )-C (sp 3 ) stretching, and C (sp 3 )-C (sp 3 ) bending vibrational frequencies at 2,928-2,068, 1,642-1,470, 1,030-962, and 880-708 cm À1 , respectively.…”

“…The viscosity versus shear rate profile at 50°C confirmed the inverse correlation of gel viscosity to that of shear rate, suggesting viscous liquid nature and elastic solid nature at high and low shear rate, respectively (Figure 1c). 30–32 …”

Use of Silybum marianum Extract and Bio-Ferment for Biodegradable Cosmetic Formulations to Enhance Antioxidant Potential and Effect of the Type of Vehicle on the Percutaneous Absorption and Skin Retention of Silybin and Taxifolin

“…Examples of cosmetic vehicles include gel substrates such as hydrogels and organogels-biodegradable and non-degradable vehicles of active substances devoid of their own pharmacological activity-into which the active substances can be placed. Thanks to the specific structure of the gels, they form a skeletal reservoir for the storage of therapeutic substances, released under the influence of certain external stimuli but protected from the harmful effects of the environment [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”