Nanoemulsion: A brief review on development and application in Parenteral Drug Delivery

Abstract

An advanced mode of drug delivery system has been developed to overcome the major drawbacks associated with conventional drug delivery systems. This review gives a detailed idea about a nanoemulsion system. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions, which are manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These are the thermodynamically stable isotropic system in which two immiscible liquids are mixed to form a single phase by means of an emulsifying agent, i.e., surfactant and co-surfactant. The droplet size of nanoemulsion falls typically in the range 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These come across as ultrafine dispersions whose differential drug loading; viscoelastic as well as visual properties can cater to a wide range of functionalities including drug delivery. However there is still relatively narrow in sight regarding development, manufacturing, fabrication and manipulation of nanoemulsions which primarily stems from the fact that conventional aspects of emulsion formation and stabilization only partially apply to nanoemulsions. This general deficiency sets up the premise for current review. We attempt to explore varying intricacies, excipients, manufacturing techniques and their underlying principles, production conditions, structural dynamics, prevalent destabilization mechanisms, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.

Cremophor EL Nano-Emulsion Monomerizes Chlorophyll a in Water Medium

“…Thus, the co-surfactant and chl a molecules spontaneously self-organizing in the aqueous medium can be termed SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system) [41]. Such a system is known as a good hydrophobic drugs carrier [42][43][44][45][46]. Monomerization of chl a in SNEEDS is expected to improve its bioavailability in the potential gastrointestinal treatment.…”

Developing a Highly Stable Carlina acaulis Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for Managing Lobesia botrana

“…As defined by Nikam et al [ 39 ], NEs are kinetically stable “biphasic dispersions of two immiscible liquids: either water-in-oil (W/O) or oil-in-water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant”; in this way, protection from the surrounding environment, suitable spreading, and penetration of the bioactive molecules are guaranteed by the matrix and low surface and interfacial tension [ 40 ]. Toxicity of EO-based NEs was tested on several insects of agricultural and medical interest such as aphids [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], mosquitoes [ 44 , 45 , 46 ], stored-product beetles [ 47 , 48 ], and some Lepidoptera [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Role of Nanoemulsion for Safe and Cost-Effective Delivery of Amphotericin B

“…The site-specificity of the nanoparticles can be enhanced by magnetizing the delivery system. The major goal of a delivery system must target in excelling its therapeutic efficacy and causing declination of toxicity and side effects [10]. Depending on the composition three types of nanoemulsions are formed; First one is the, oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion in which the aqua is the continuous phase and oil is the dispersed phase, second is the water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion in which the water acts as the dispersed phase and the oil being continuous phase and lastly, bi-continuous nanoemulsion in which the oil and water are interspersed with each other in the system [11].…”

“…Secondly, Ostwald ripening must be avoided using the appropriate amount of components. The dispersion medium and dispersed phase must not be soluble in one another and lastly, the coalescence must be removed by using high amounts of surfactants to enable rapid coating in the process of emulsification [10].…”