Nanoemulsification of Essential Oil Blend by Ultrasound: Optimization of Physicochemical, Antioxidant Properties, and Activity Against Escherichia coli

Ultrasound-Assisted Nanoemulsion Loaded with Optimized Antibacterial Essential Oil Blend: A New Approach against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Enteritidis in Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets

“…Furthermore, prior studies developed by our group indicated that size reduction in NEs enhances the bioactivity of EOs compared to their free forms [30,34], in addition to safeguarding the EOs due to their high sensitivity to processing and storage conditions, such as heat, temperature, the presence of oxygen, and the macronutrients found in food matrices [35]. In this sense, nanoencapsulation protects and improves the efficiency and integrity of the biological activity of EOs [30]. However, the in situ evaluation of NEs loaded with optimized EOBs represents a crucial gap in the existing literature, especially in fish.…”

“…For these reasons, combining these three EOs has considerable potential as an alternative antimicrobial for food products. At the same time, an encapsulation system can enhance their effectiveness or preserve their original biological activities [30], further expanding their applicability and utility in food preservation.…”

“…Ultrasound represents a high-energy technique harnessing acoustic cavitation to induce pressure fluctuations, leading to localized turbulence that facilitates droplet rupture and size reduction, ultimately yielding promising nanoemulsions (NEs) [30][31][32]. This method enables the production of NEs characterized by nanometric dimension and uniform droplet distribution [30].…”

“…Ultrasound represents a high-energy technique harnessing acoustic cavitation to induce pressure fluctuations, leading to localized turbulence that facilitates droplet rupture and size reduction, ultimately yielding promising nanoemulsions (NEs) [30][31][32]. This method enables the production of NEs characterized by nanometric dimension and uniform droplet distribution [30]. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated the successful fabrication of NEs loaded with EOs or EOB, exhibiting optimized in vitro physicochemical [32,33] and biological [30] properties.…”

“…Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated the successful fabrication of NEs loaded with EOs or EOB, exhibiting optimized in vitro physicochemical [32,33] and biological [30] properties. Furthermore, prior studies developed by our group indicated that size reduction in NEs enhances the bioactivity of EOs compared to their free forms [30,34], in addition to safeguarding the EOs due to their high sensitivity to processing and storage conditions, such as heat, temperature, the presence of oxygen, and the macronutrients found in food matrices [35]. In this sense, nanoencapsulation protects and improves the efficiency and integrity of the biological activity of EOs [30].…”