Nanodelivery strategies for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections

Abstract

One of the most important health concerns in society is the development of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug‐resistant pathogens. The purpose of this review is to discuss the issues in current antibiotic therapies and the ongoing progress of developing new strategies for the treatment of ESKAPE pathogen infections, which is acronymized for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. We not only examine the current issues caused by multidrug resistance but we also examine the barrier effects such as biofilm and intracellular localization exploited by these pathogens to avoid antibiotic exposure. Recent innovations in nanomedicine approaches and antibody antibiotic conjugates are reviewed as potential novel approaches for the treatment of bacterial infection, which ultimately may expand the useful life span of current antibiotics.

Metal‐Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Aspects

“…[ 5 ] Biomedical devices containing antimicrobial metal nanostructures offer a promising microbicidal strategy in combating these extensively drug‐resistant pathogens and have received significant attention in both the academia and pharmaceutical industry. [ 6 ]…”

Beta‐lactam resistance and the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides against KPC‐producing bacteria

“…Other studies also mentioned that metal nanoparticles, which naturally have antimicrobial properties, and their broad spectrum helped to carry AMPs for an effective treatment against MDR. A. baumanii, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae , and P. aeruginosa (Jiang et al, 2018). Likewise, it was shown that alginate microparticles coated with hydroxymethylcellulose derivatives loaded with AMP can decrease hemolytic activity and increase bioavailability (Roque‐Borda et al, 2021).…”

A journey through the emergence of nanomedicines with poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) based nanoparticles

“…Very first biodistribution studies of early liposomes and PACA nanoparticles have revealed that intravenously injected man-made nano-objects were sequestrated by the immune system of the host [Gregoriadis, 1977, Couvreur et al, 1980a, Kante et al, 1980, Oppenheim, 1981. This found interest for targeting drugs to intracellularly infected macrophages [Fattal et al 1989, Abed and Couvreur, 2014, Abeb et al, 2015, Jiang et al, 2018 and to other liver disease such as liver cancer [Chiannilkulchai et al 1989, Reddy and Couvreur, 2011, Soma et al, 2012, Merle et al 2015, Lu et al, 2018. However, sequestration of nanoparticles by the immune system is a considerable obstacle to achieve drug delivery to disease tissues localized in organs that are not the main seats of the immune system.…”