Abstract:We have prepared thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte layers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a pre-sintered NiO/YSZ fuel cell anode substrate. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray-diffraction shows a homogeneous, nanocrystalline layer.Conventional electrolyte films reach desired electrical properties only at elevated temperatures, typically 1000°C to 1100°C. The YSZ films grown by CVD on rough anode substrates show better growth behavior and less defect… Show more
“…In addition to this, the specific grain boundary dc ionic conductivities of nanocrystalline YSZ is shown to be 1−2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the micro-YSZ − Thus, nanocrystalline (<100 nm) YSZ possesses a range of industrial applications; and as a result, not only is synthesizing nanocrystalline YSZ important but also understanding its grain growth characteristics at the nanolevel is essential. …”
Nanocrystalline (∼15−20 nm) 3 mol % yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) powder is synthesized via sol−gel technique. A reduced activation energy value of ∼13.0 ± 0.9 kJ/mol is observed for grain growth in nano-3YSZ powder, within the calcination temperature range of 400−1200 °C, which is much lower than that (580 kJ/mol) reported for submicron/micron-sized 3YSZ. This is attributed to large oxygen-ion vacancy concentration in nano-3YSZ.
“…In addition to this, the specific grain boundary dc ionic conductivities of nanocrystalline YSZ is shown to be 1−2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the micro-YSZ − Thus, nanocrystalline (<100 nm) YSZ possesses a range of industrial applications; and as a result, not only is synthesizing nanocrystalline YSZ important but also understanding its grain growth characteristics at the nanolevel is essential. …”
Nanocrystalline (∼15−20 nm) 3 mol % yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) powder is synthesized via sol−gel technique. A reduced activation energy value of ∼13.0 ± 0.9 kJ/mol is observed for grain growth in nano-3YSZ powder, within the calcination temperature range of 400−1200 °C, which is much lower than that (580 kJ/mol) reported for submicron/micron-sized 3YSZ. This is attributed to large oxygen-ion vacancy concentration in nano-3YSZ.
“…Figure 5 shows a high resolution scanning electron image of a coated anode substrate. [17] The processes leading to particle formation have been modeled and simulated by many authors. The detailed description of these efforts is beyond the scope of this paper.…”
In this introductory paper an attempt is made to give an overview of the area of nanostructured "materials irrespective of the synthesis process. The various microstructural features such as clusters or isolated nanoparticles, agglomerated nanopowders, consolidated nanomaterials and nanocomposite materials as well as all materials classes are considered. As an important component of modern research on nanomaterials a section describes the various characterization tools available. Based on these remarks some properties of nanostructured materials will be summarized emphasizing the property-microstructure relationships. Finally, a brief outlook on applications and initial industrial use of nanomaterials is presented.
IntroductionNanostructures are plentiful in nature. In the universe nanoparticles are distributed widely and are considered to be the building blocks in planet formation processes. Biological systems have built up inorganic-organic nanocomposite structures to improve the mechanical properties or to improve the optical, magnetic and chemical sensing in living species. As an example, nacre (mother-of-pearl) from the mollusc shell is a biologically formed lamellar ceramic, which "exhibits structural robustness despite the brittle nature of its constituents.[1] Figure 1 shows an SEM imge of a fracture surface of an abalone shell exhibiting the CaCO 3 -platelets which are se-
The synthesis of nanoparticles and nanopowders is in principle not difficult. Consequently, various methods on a laboratory and industrial scale have been developed in the last century. However, in the last decades it became obvious that the control of synthesis and processing is required to develop nanocrystalline materials with novel functional properties leading to specific applications. The potential of nanostructures was recognized through the pioneering work of Gleiter in the early 80’s [1]. In this review, we show that chemical vapour synthesis allows the production of nanostructured materials with tailored microstructures and properties.
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