Nanoconstruction and nanoeffect of phosphate-based cathode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

With the increasing global consumption of secondary batteries, the cost of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will gradually become a problem. Compared with LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have natural advantages, such as the higher abundance of sodium in the earth’s crust and lower cost. SIBs have a similar working principle to LIBs, based on sodium/lithium ions moving between the cathode and anode. The cathode plays an important role in the performance of SIBs. Among the cathode materials of SIBs, phosphate-based cathodes have been widely studied for their good electrochemical performance and stability. However, there are still some problems that limit their wide practical application, such as unsatisfactory rate performance, low energy density and poor cycle stability. Nanosizing is one of the common modification strategies used to solve the above problems. It not only improves the chemical kinetics of cathode materials but also regulates their thermodynamic properties. This review discusses the influence of nanosizing on the phosphate cathode material and what shapes can be designed to improve performance, and provides a reference for the development of SIBs in the future.

Ultra-High-Rate Na3V(PO3)3N Cathode with Superior Stability for Fast-Charging Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…The carbon layer significantly connects NVPN particles and CNTs, providing a fast electron transfer network for NVPN. 48 The lattice fringe of 0.42 nm is consistent with the (012) plane of NVPN, and the EDS mapping (Figures 2e and S7e) exhibits even distribution of Na, V, N, P, O, and C of both samples. The above results further verified that the NVPN/C@CNT and NVPN/C materials were well compounded.…”

“…It shows that the surface of NVPN nanoparticles is coated with a wafery amorphous carbon layer and then wrapped by CNTs. The carbon layer significantly connects NVPN particles and CNTs, providing a fast electron transfer network for NVPN . The lattice fringe of 0.42 nm is consistent with the (012) plane of NVPN, and the EDS mapping (Figures e and S7e) exhibits even distribution of Na, V, N, P, O, and C of both samples.…”

Recent advances in solid-state beyond lithium batteries

“…NaFePO 4 cathodes have high theoretical capacity and operating voltage (154 mAh g −1 at 2.9 V vs. Na/Na + [102]); however, they suffer from innately poor electronic conductivity. Attempts to improve this shortcoming involve the application of a carbon coating, reduction of particle size, and the tuning of surface morphology [105,106]. Pyrophosphates are promising cathode materials with a wide redox potential range of 2.0 to more than 4.0 V vs. Na/Na + with an operating capacity of 86 mAh g −1 at 1C rate for Na 2 FeP 2 0 7 [102].…”

Copper cobalt tin sulphide (Cu2CoSnS4) anodes synthesised using a chemical route for stable and efficient rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

“…4 Thus, various substances have been investigated as promising alternative anode materials for LIBs. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Tin is known to be an optimum anode due to its high theoretical capacity of 994 mA h g −1 , while being inexpensive and non-toxic. For LIBs, alloy-type materials and metal chalcogenides are considered outstanding because of their high theoretical reversible charge storage capacity.…”

“…4 Thus, various substances have been investigated as promising alternative anode materials for LIBs. 5–18…”