Exploitation of nature-derived
materials is an important approach
to promote environmental sustainability. Among these materials, cellulose
is of particular interest due to its abundance and relative ease of
access. As a food ingredient, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have found
interesting applications as emulsifiers and modulators of lipid digestion
and absorption. In this report, we show that CNFs can also be modified
to modulate the bioavailability of toxins, such as pesticides, in
the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by forming inclusion complexes and
promoting interaction with surface hydroxyl groups. CNFs were successfully
functionalized with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD)
using citric acid as a crosslinker via esterification. Functionally,
the potential for pristine and functionalized CNFs (FCNFs) to interact
with a model pesticide, boscalid, was tested. Based on direct interaction
studies, adsorption of boscalid saturated at around 3.09% on CNFs
and at 12.62% on FCNFs. Using an in vitro GIT simulation platform,
the adsorption of boscalid on CNFs/FCNFs was also studied. The presence
of a high-fat food model was found to have a positive effect in binding
boscalid in a simulated intestinal fluid environment. In addition,
FCNFs were found to have a greater effect in retarding triglyceride
digestion than CNFs (61% vs 30.6%). Overall, FCNFs were demonstrated
to evoke synergistic effects of reducing fat absorption and pesticide
bioavailability through inclusion complex formation and the additional
binding of the pesticide onto surface hydroxyl groups on HPBCD. By
adopting food-compatible materials and processes for production, FCNFs
have the potential to be developed into a functional food ingredient
for modulating food digestion and the uptake of toxins.