Nanocatalysis in green organic synthesis

Simple practical method for synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles: an efficient copper catalyzed multicomponent reaction

“…White solid; mp: 203–205 °C [Lit. 55 204–206 °C]; 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 12.86 (s, 1H), 7.65–7.46 (m, 6H), 7.40–7.22 (m, 7H) ppm; 13 C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 162.6, 160.1, 137.9, 135.2, 135.1, 132.5, 132.4, 129.3, 128.8, 128.4, 127.7, 126.3, 126.3, 120.3, 120.1, 115.5, 115.2 ppm.…”

“…Faint yellow solid; mp: 262–264 °C [Lit. 55 259–261 °C]; 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 12.77 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52–7.31 (m, 8H), 7.26 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20–7.10 (m, 2H) ppm; 13 C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 142.1, 137.3, 135.3, 134.5, 131.4, 129.3, 128.8, 128.8, 128.5, 128.4, 128.2, 127.6, 127.1, 126.8, 124.8 ppm.…”

Towards a sustainable tomorrow: advancing green practices in organic chemistry

“…204,206 To address such challenges inherent in traditional organometallic catalysis, NP catalysis has emerged as a promising field, combining characteristics of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. [209][210][211] NPs offer advantages such as large surface area, high catalytic activity, and selectivity. 212 Their poor solubility in some organic solvents facilitates easy separations and recyclability, thus mimicking the benefits of homogeneous catalysis while overcoming the limitations of accessing fewer catalytic sites (Fig.…”

“…4). 209,211 Despite their promising attributes, NP catalysis faces several sustainability challenges. These include the utilization of costly ligands and metals, the propensity of NPs to aggregate, leading to diminished catalytic activity, 213 instability in the aqueous medium, 214 scalability and reproducibility concerns in their synthesis, 215 potential toxicity, 216 difficulties in post-reaction catalyst recovery, 217 bench-stability, and the risk of metal leaching.…”