Nanocarbon Allotropes-Graphene and Nanocrystalline Diamond-Promote Cell Proliferation

Abstract

Two profoundly different carbon allotropes - nanocrystalline diamond and graphene - are of considerable interest from the viewpoint of a wide range of biomedical applications including implant coating, drug and gene delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensing. Osteoblast adhesion and proliferation on nanocrystalline diamond and graphene are compared under various conditions such as differences in wettability, topography, and the presence or absence of protein interlayers between cells and the substrate. The materials are characterized in detail by means of scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. In vitro experiments have revealed a significantly higher degree of cell proliferation on graphene than on nanocrystalline diamond and a tissue culture polystyrene control material. Proliferation is promoted, in particular, by hydrophobic graphene with a large number of nanoscale wrinkles independent of the presence of a protein interlayer, i.e., substrate fouling is not a problematic issue in this respect. Nanowrinkled hydrophobic graphene, thus, exhibits superior characteristics for those biomedical applications where high cell proliferation is required under differing conditions.

<p>The effects of graphene and mesenchymal stem cells in cutaneous wound healing and their putative action mechanism</p>

“…The surface properties of graphene allow for its use as a platform for cell adhesion and even induced cell proliferation. 75 It has been shown previously that graphene monolayers are non-toxic, stimulate the mitochondrial activity of mouse fibroblasts (L929) 63 and potentiate the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts and MSCs. 70,79,95 In addition, twodimensional multilayer pristine graphene film has been found to demonstrate good biocompatibility with human stromal fibroblasts.…”

“…Graphene films can be transferred onto a wide range of substrates 53,55 and are used in both physics 69 and biology (eg, surfaces for cell growth). 70 While graphene solutions, in which graphene flakes and sheets are formed, are employed in the majority of toxicological studies 65,68,[71][72][73] involving the dispersion of graphene in biological fluids, much less attention has been devoted to the biocompatibility of graphene in the form of a monolayer 63,70,[74][75][76] which can be used as a scaffold for the…”

Inhibition of E. coli Growth by Nanodiamond and Graphene Oxide Enhanced by Luria-Bertani Medium

“…Carbon nanomaterials such as nanodiamond (ND) and graphene oxide (GO) are considered highly promising for diverse biomedical applications such as long-lasting medical implants, bone tissue engineering, biosensors or drug delivery [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. This is especially due to their beneficial chemical and physical properties such as general biocompatibility and non-toxicity, stable yet widely adjustable surface chemistry as well as suitable optical and electronic properties.…”

Real-Time Monitoring of Stem Cells by Diamond-Based Impedance Sensors †

“…In addition, its surface can be covalently terminated by specific atoms or molecules which control the cell occupation, adhesion and cell differentiation [3]. In our previous studies, we have already introduced an optically transparent surface-conductive diamond thin film as a functional layer in impedance sensors for biological studies [4] and recognition of gas and chemical molecules [5,6].…”