Abstract:The immune checkpoint blockade is an effective strategy to enhance the anti-tumor T cell effector activity, thus becoming one of the most promising immunotherapeutic strategies in the history of cancer treatment. Several immune checkpoint inhibitor have been approved by the FDA, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. Most tumor patients benefitted from these antibodies, but some of the patients did not respond to them. To increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy, including immune … Show more
“…top affinity, it has generated extraordinary accomplishments in the field of antibodies. 7,8 It is no exaggeration to say that Nb has been extensively used in biochemical mechanisms, structural biology, diagnosis and treatment of tumors and other diseases. 9,10 This article will evaluate the basic characteristics of Nb and its research progress in tumor treatment, and look forward to its application prospect.…”
Section: Introduction To Antibody and Nanobodymentioning
The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and desperately needs further improvement. Nanobodies are the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies, with many unique properties such as small size (~15kDa), excellent solubility, superior stability, ease of manufacture, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration, which gain increasing acceptance as therapeutical tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. Thus, one of the promising novel developments that may address the deficiency of monoclonal antibody-based therapies is the utilization of nanobodies. This article provides readers the significant factors that the structural and biochemical properties of nanobodies and the research progress on nanobodies in the fields of tumor treatment, as well as their application prospect.
“…top affinity, it has generated extraordinary accomplishments in the field of antibodies. 7,8 It is no exaggeration to say that Nb has been extensively used in biochemical mechanisms, structural biology, diagnosis and treatment of tumors and other diseases. 9,10 This article will evaluate the basic characteristics of Nb and its research progress in tumor treatment, and look forward to its application prospect.…”
Section: Introduction To Antibody and Nanobodymentioning
The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and desperately needs further improvement. Nanobodies are the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies, with many unique properties such as small size (~15kDa), excellent solubility, superior stability, ease of manufacture, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration, which gain increasing acceptance as therapeutical tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. Thus, one of the promising novel developments that may address the deficiency of monoclonal antibody-based therapies is the utilization of nanobodies. This article provides readers the significant factors that the structural and biochemical properties of nanobodies and the research progress on nanobodies in the fields of tumor treatment, as well as their application prospect.
“…For example, 68 Ga-NOTA-Nb109 preferably accumulated into A375-human PD-L1 tumor, enabling non-invasive and dynamic imaging of PD-L1 in vivo. 114 Similar probes are also available for nanoprobes labeled with Technetium-99m ( 99 mTc) to target PD-L1. 115 OX40, also known as CD134, is a secondary co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule expressed on activated T cells.…”
Section: Acsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nanobody is a single-domain antibody with a special structure and smaller molecular weight, which makes it a good candidate in immunotherapy and immunoimaging. For example, 68 Ga-NOTA-Nb109 preferably accumulated into A375-human PD-L1 tumor, enabling non-invasive and dynamic imaging of PD-L1 in vivo . Similar probes are also available for nanoprobes labeled with Technetium-99m ( 99 mTc) to target PD-L1 …”
The activation of the immune system is critical for cancer
immunotherapy
and treatments of inflammatory diseases. Non-invasive visualization
of immunoactivation is designed to monitor the dynamic nature of the
immune response and facilitate the assessment of therapeutic outcomes,
which, however, remains challenging. Conventional imaging modalities,
such as positron emission tomography, computed tomography, etc., were utilized for imaging immune-related biomarkers.
To explore the dynamic immune monitoring, probes with signals correlated
to biomarkers of immune activation or prognosis are urgently needed.
These emerging molecular probes, which turn on the signal only in
the presence of the intended biomarker, can improve the detection
specificity. These probes with “turn on” signals enable
non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time imaging with high sensitivity
and efficiency, showing significance for multifunctionality/multimodality
imaging. As a result, more and more innovative engineered nanoprobes
combined with diverse imaging modalities were developed to assess
the activation of the immune system. In this work, we comprehensively
review the recent and emerging advances in engineered nanoprobes for
monitoring immune activation in cancer or other immune-mediated inflammatory
diseases and discuss the potential in predicting the efficacy following
treatments. Research on real-time in vivo immunoimaging
is still under exploration, and this review can provide guidance and
facilitate the development and application of next-generation imaging
technologies.
“…These antibodies' variable parts contain intriguing features compared to other antibodies including higher solubility, small size, greater resistance to denaturation, stability in high temperatures, and high/low pH, cost-effective production, high specificity, low immunogenicity, ease of manipulation, and identification of variable epitopes [ 35 , 36 ]. Furthermore, tissue penetration and extravasation are better in nanobodies than in classical monoclonal antibodies, which is of great therapeutic value [ 37 ]. Fig.…”
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerging of coronavirus, continues to infect humans in the absence of a viable treatment. Neutralizing antibodies that disrupt the interaction of RBD and ACE2 has been under the spotlight as a way of developing the COVID-19 treatment. Some animals, such as llamas, manufacture heavy-chain antibodies that have a single variable domain (VHH) instead of two variable domains (VH/VL) as opposed to typical antibodies. Nanobodies are antigen-specific, single-domain, changeable segments of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies that are recombinantly produced. These types of antibodies exhibit a wide range of strong physical and chemical properties, like high solubility, and stability. The VHH's high-affinity attachment to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) allowed the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. To tackle COVID-19, some nanobodies are being developed against SARS-CoV-2, some of which have been recently included in clinical trials. Nanobody therapy may be useful in managing the COVID-19 pandemic as a potent and low-cost treatment. This paper describes the application of nanobodies as a new class of recombinant antibodies in COVID-19 treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
