Nanobodies, a promising tool for species-specific diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis

Does interspecific competition have a moderating effect on Taenia solium transmission dynamics in Southeast Asia?

“…This is especially true for some of the poorest countries in the region including Laos, Cambodia [7,16] and Myanmar. Taenia hydatigena, typically associated with ovines, rarely rates a mention with regards to pig infection in Southeast Asia, and then most often merely as a nuisance in immunological test specificity [17,18]. This is despite the fact that T. hydatigena is often observed in a substantial proportion of pigs in countries such as Vietnam [8,11].…”

“…[17]) and antibody ELISA has only moderate sensitivity [39]. The antigen ELISA [42] has high sensitivity but lacks the ability to distinguish between different species of Taenia cysts in pigs [17]; however, new diagnostic technologies are under development and might allow species specific detection [18]. Surveillance in abattoirs and slaughter slabs also presents diagnostic problems.…”

Epidemiological tools for effective surveillance of porcine cysticercosis in Africa

“…Incisions will also be made in the from camels was used to develop unambiguous triceps brachii muscle proximal to the elbow joint. specific tests [19]. Nanobodies owned remarkable Heavy infestation with Cysticercus cellulosae calls for characteristics such as being small, nonimmunogenic, carcass condemnation.…”

“…Light infections go undetected nanobodies were cloned after immunization of in carcass inspection. Therefore, to control the parasite dromedaries with T. solium cysticercosis and phage effectively in endemic areas, more sensitive and procedure [19]. with antigen but the nanobodies also reacted with other Ag-ELISA (Antigens detection based on sandwich proteins of the same family.…”

Nanobody-derived nanobiotechnology tool kits for diverse biomedical and biotechnology applications

“…79 Similarly, Taenia solium infection in pigs could be successfully detected by species-specific VHHs, whereas the existing genus-specific McAbs have failed to discriminate between T. solium and Taenia hydatigena infections. 80 Both species-specific and genus-specific VHHs have been developed for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma parasites without purification of antigens, leading to easy species typing of the prevailing parasites. 2,81 Recently, a general nanobodybased agglutination reagent, consisting of a fusion protein between a red blood cell-specific VHH and a disease antigen of interest, has been developed for diagnosing a variety of diseases when different disease-specific antigens are available.…”