Nanobiocomposite based on natural polyelectrolytes for bone regeneration

Abstract

We developed a composite hydrogel based on chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose with nanometric hydroxyapatite (nHA) as filler (ranging from 0.5 to 5%), by ultrasonic methodology to be used for bone regeneration. The 3D porous-structure of the biocomposite scaffolds were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Microtomography analysis. Infrared analysis did not show specific interactions

Influence of Charge and Heat on the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds from Ionic Complexation of Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…While the calculated average pore size ranged from 50 to 300 μm, all scaffolds had porosity in the range of 70–90% (D), which is suitable for most tissue engineering applications. 11 , 46 The average pore sizes obtained in this work are comparable to the freeze-dried PEC scaffolds produced from CS/CMC (50–300 μm) 13 or CS/CMC reinforced with bioactive glass (∼80 μm), 12 silver nanoparticles (50–400 μm), 14 hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (100–500 μm), 15 , 20 , 21 calcium phosphate (35–290 μm), 16 and wollastonite (∼100 μm). 17 The density of dry chitosan (CS 100 ) was 0.142 g cm –3 and increased to approximately 0.23 g cm –3 ( Figure 2 E, samples CS 50 and CS 40 ) with CMC loading.…”

“… 7 , 10 − 17 For example, a combination with collagen has been used as functional wound dressing to improve wound healing. 18 Moreover, CS/CMC biocomposites with hydroxylapatite, 15 , 19 − 21 silver, 14 wollastonite, 17 bioactive glass, 12 calcium phosphate, 16 and Cissus quadrangularis plant extract 22 have been used in bone tissue engineering. Chrysin-loaded CS/CMC scaffolds were fabricated to promote proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).…”

“… 24 Both polymers exhibit pH-dependent properties, e.g., solubility and charge density, and accessible functional groups, which make them attractive for further chemical modification 25 , 26 and especially ionic cross-linking. 21 , 27 Moreover, they can be easily processed from aqueous or acidic solutions. 7 , 28 However, when mixed at a pH value where both polymers are charged and dissolved (e.g., pH 4), precipitation usually occurs, leading to weak polyelectrolyte interactions.…”

“…These scaffolds must provide biocompatibility, porosity, chemical cues, and mechanical support to guide and attach cells. , Several polysaccharide-based biomaterials, including nanocelluloses, hyaluronic acid, , alginate, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), , and chitosan (CS) have been used to prepare such scaffolds. ,− For example, a combination with collagen has been used as functional wound dressing to improve wound healing . Moreover, CS/CMC biocomposites with hydroxylapatite, ,− silver, wollastonite, bioactive glass, calcium phosphate, and Cissus quadrangularis plant extract have been used in bone tissue engineering. Chrysin-loaded CS/CMC scaffolds were fabricated to promote proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) …”

Terpolymer‐chitosan membranes as biomaterial

“…This property is one of the more relevant features of biomaterials oriented to the application in tissue engineering, because it plays a vital role in absorption of fluids and transportation of nutrients (for example cell culture medium), oxygen, metabolites and removal of cellular waste products within membranes 39 . Our materials show a liquid incorporation profile similar to other systems employed in tissue engineering, which shows that it has the necessary properties mentioned above 40,41 …”