Nanoarchitectonics for Hierarchical Fullerene Nanomaterials

Abstract

Nanoarchitectonics is a universal concept to fabricate functional materials from nanoscale building units. Based on this concept, fabrications of functional materials with hierarchical structural motifs from simple nano units of fullerenes (C60 and C70 molecules) are described in this review article. Because fullerenes can be regarded as simple and fundamental building blocks with mono-elemental and zero-dimensional natures, these demonstrations for hierarchical functional structures impress the high capability of the nanoarchitectonics approaches. In fact, various hierarchical structures such as cubes with nanorods, hole-in-cube assemblies, face-selectively etched assemblies, and microstructures with mesoporous frameworks are fabricated by easy fabrication protocols. The fabricated fullerene assemblies have been used for various applications including volatile organic compound sensing, microparticle catching, supercapacitors, and photoluminescence systems.

Molecule-to-Material-to-Bio Nanoarchitectonics with Biomedical Fullerene Nanoparticles

“…In this review paper, the biomedical effects of fullerenes were described in the context of fullerenes to nanoparticles. Fullerenes are zero-dimensional carbon allotropes that serve as a basic unit that can be transformed into one-dimensional structures [ 176 , 177 ], two-dimensional morphologies [ 178 , 179 ], three-dimensional motifs [ 180 , 181 ], and even more complex hierarchical structures [ 182 , 183 ]. In fact, some studies have reported the two-dimensional arrangement of one-dimensional structures, such as fullerene nanowhiskers that demonstrate control over cell growth and differentiation [ 184 , 185 , 186 ].…”

Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials and their application in pollution management

“…2 ). According to their shape, size and dimension, carbon nanomaterials 12,13 can be divided into zero-dimensional nanomaterials (buckminsterfullerene 14 and carbon dots (CDs) 15 ), one-dimensional nanomaterials (CNTs 11 and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) 16 ), two-dimensional nanomaterials (graphene 17,18 ) and three-dimensional nanomaterials such as carbon sponges 1,19,20 ( Fig. 3 ).…”

Detection of Axitinib Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Fe2O3/Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensor and Modeling with Density Functional Theory

“…It has been well-accepted that MWCNTs are among the most preferred carbon-based nanomaterials for electrode modification due to their stability, excellent mechanical and conductive properties, low cost, and high surface area. 19 , 21 − 23 In addition, Fe 2 O 3 NPs can improve electron transfer kinetics, high surface area, biocompatibility, and nontoxic profile, and they are used to improve the catalytic performance of electrochemical systems. 23 , 27 In addition, chitosan, as a natural polymer with high stability, biocompatibility, affordability, and ability to construct film matrixes, is widely preferred to be employed in combination with various nanomaterials.…”

“… 19 , 21 − 23 In addition, Fe 2 O 3 NPs can improve electron transfer kinetics, high surface area, biocompatibility, and nontoxic profile, and they are used to improve the catalytic performance of electrochemical systems. 23 , 27 In addition, chitosan, as a natural polymer with high stability, biocompatibility, affordability, and ability to construct film matrixes, is widely preferred to be employed in combination with various nanomaterials. 27 , 28 Taken together, due to the unique electrical and optical properties of MWCNTs, Fe 2 O 3 NPs, and chitosan, a new electrochemical nanosensor platform (MWCNT/Fe 2 O 3 @chitosan NC) was fabricated based on the synergistic effect of MWCNTs, and Fe 2 O 3 NPs dispersed in chitosan NC.…”