Nano Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine Particles Prepared by a Green Recrystallization Process

An, Chongwei; Li, Hequn; Guo, Wenjian; Geng, Xin; Wang, Jingyu

doi:10.1002/prep.201300199

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The cooperativeu se of PEG 200 -DAIL and N 2 O 5 increased the yield of HMX up to 64 %. [90] Ao ne-pot methodology for the synthesis of an even more powerful explosive [2,4,6,8,10,12- Figure 2). [89] Nano-HMX particles werep roduced by spraying ar aw HMX solution in [Hmim]Br into purified ice water.X RD measurements indicated that nanocrystals of the thus prepared HMX had the same energetically favorable b form as the raw HMX.…”

Section: Il-mediated Synthesis Of Polynitro Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with raw HMX, the nano-HMX particles had am uch lower impact sensitivity.H owever,t hey are easier to explode than raw HMX under thermals timulus because of the lower values of peak temperature and activation energy. [90] Ao ne-pot methodology for the synthesis of an even more powerful explosive [2,4,6,8,10,12- 4 ]( 3mol %) showed the best catalytic performance, with nitration proceeding under mild conditions, and the yield of TNAD was improved by 3-6 %( Scheme 5). Figure 2).…”

Section: Il-mediated Synthesis Of Polynitro Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

et al. 2017

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A global increase in environmental pollution demands the development of new "cleaner" chemical processes. Among urgent improvements, the replacement of traditional hydrocarbon-derived toxic organic solvents with neoteric solvents less harmful for the environment is one of the most vital issues. As a result of the favorable combination of their unique properties, ionic liquids (ILs), dense gases, and supercritical fluids (SCFs) have gained considerable attention as suitable green chemistry media for the preparation and modification of important chemical compounds and materials. In particular, they have a significant potential in a specific and very important area of research associated with the manufacture and processing of high-energy materials (HEMs). These large-scale manufacturing processes, in which hazardous chemicals and extreme conditions are used, produce a huge amount of hard-to-dispose-of waste. Furthermore, they are risky to staff, and any improvements that would reduce the fire and explosion risks of the corresponding processes are highly desirable. In this Review, useful applications of almost nonflammable ILs, dense gases, and SCFs (first of all, CO ) for nitration and other reactions used for manufacturing HEMs are considered. Recent advances in the field of energetic (oxygen-balanced and hypergolic) ILs are summarized. Significant attention is paid to the SCF-based micronization techniques, which improve the energetic performance of HEMs through an efficient control of the morphology and particle size distribution of the HEM fine particles, and to useful applications of SCFs in HEM processing that makes them less hazardous.

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Section: Il-mediated Synthesis Of Polynitro Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Il-mediated Synthesis Of Polynitro Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

et al. 2017

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“…The nano-HMX has very small particle sizes, usually less than 10 mm compared to the standard b-HMX Grade B of 100 mm or larger. The nano-HMX almost always is much less sensitive [examples, see 18,19].…”

Section: Impact Sensitivity Of Hmx Compared To Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sandpaper and Grain Size on Non‐Shock Initiated Reactions in HMX

Reynolds

Hsu

Hust

et al. 2017

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Three grades of HMX samples, coarse (A), coarse with a small amount of fines (B), and ultra-fine (F), were tested for impact sensitivity by ERL drop hammer. The Type 12A test used sandpapers of three different compositions, 120-, 180-grit Si/C and 180-grit garnet. Reaction was accounted for by operator observation and microphone. The results showed different sensitivity for each of the HMX types. The F-HMX was the smallest in average particle size and was the least sensitive to impact. The A-HMX was the next most stable and the B-HMX was the most sensitive to impact. The spent samples from the drop hammer testing of B-HMX and F-HMX were further evaluated with optical imaging. Conditions were selected that were near the DH 50 values of the specific HMX. Previous literature has cited localized hot spot formation to be the probable cause of non-shock initiated reactions leading to impact sensitivity. This study yielded a plethora of samples exhibiting hot spots for HMX materials, both without and with proximity to grit particles. Hot spots in the proximity of grit particles gave the most dramatic hot spots, but both types of hot spots were exhibited in samples considered reacted and non-reacted. The F-HMX, even though the most stable to impact sensitivity, exhibited the most and best resolved hot spots of all the samples and conditions. Foreign objects were also observed in some of the samples. Previous work has shown metal particles coming from wear of the anvils used in the drop hammer experiment can also form hot spots. However, none of the samples here with metal particles exhibited, in proximity, hot spot formation.

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“…The critical diameter of CL-20 and HMX can be as much as micrometers, and it is therefore expected to be used in small-sized explosive networks. Moreover, ultrafine explosive granules are more favored over large particles in regard to design formulations with low critical detonation diameter and mechanical sensitivity [14]. In our study, after preparing ultrafine CL-20 and ultrafine HMX, CL-20/NC (nitrocellulose) and HMX/NC polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) were then prepared and characterized, and the small-sized groove linear detonation performance was examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groove Charge of a Rigid Multi‐Point Initiation Explosive Network

Guo

et al. 2018

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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To improve the groove charge density and reduce the initiation synchronicity error of a multi‐point initiation explosive network, CL‐20/NC and HMX/NC polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs) with 95 wt.% ultrafine CL‐20 or ultrafine HMX as main explosive, with 5 wt.% NC as binder, were prepared. The morphology and crystal of the two PBXs was characterized in scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The critical dimension for linear detonation is 0.9 mm for the CL‐20/NC PBX and 1.5 mm for the HMX/NC PBX, and with the detonation velocity of the former being 36.2 % higher than the latter. Hence, the CL‐20/NC PBX was selected as groove charge for the multi‐point initiation explosive network. An explosive network charging method is proposed that involves groove press‐loading charging with three pre‐pressed booster pellets as output end charges. This configuration increases the density of the booster charge in the grooves to 1.880 g ⋅ cm−3 (94 % of theoretical density), effectively improving the charging density consistency and lowering the network initiation synchronicity error to less than 100 ns. The rod‐shaped explosively formed projectile has a small lateral offset and good shape indicating that the synchronization of the optimized explosive network meets the requirement of a selectable shaped charge projectile.

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Nano Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine Particles Prepared by a Green Recrystallization Process

Cited by 33 publications

References 18 publications

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

Effect of Sandpaper and Grain Size on Non‐Shock Initiated Reactions in HMX

Groove Charge of a Rigid Multi‐Point Initiation Explosive Network

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