Nano characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian ammunition

Metallic Fumes at Indoor Military Shooting Ranges: Lead, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Different Fractions of Airborne Particulate Matter

“…On the second day (B), the 0.20 mm fraction remained highest, but differences between fractions 0.48-8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 The highest concentration of Pb was found at SR1 on the first day (A) and the lowest at SR3, with average concentrations of 54.3 and 6.1 mg/m 3…”

“…In SR1 and SR2, samples were collected on two separate days; at SR3, measurements were conducted on a single day. During shooting training, Heckler & Koch USP (9 3 19 mm) pistols were used at SR1 and SR2, and Makarovs (9 3 18 mm) at SR3. Details of the ammunition are given in Table 1.…”

“…Small firearm shooting practice is regularly conducted at indoor shooting ranges. Depending on the efficiency of the ventilation, number of fired gunshots, ammunition type and propellant, and other factors, air can contain various metals, such as Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sb, and gaseous components such as CO, CO 2 , NO, NO, NH 3 , HCN, and CH 4 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Although lead-free ammunition does not produce Pb, various metals (e. g. Cu, Zn, B, K, Fe), as well as organic compounds such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes, are present [8,10,11].…”

Methods for analysis of glass in glass-containing gunshot residue (gGSR) particles

“…This represents a significant difference to other jurisdictions, especially the USA, where handguns and other types of weapons are much more commonly associated with crime [3]. This regional divergence is noteworthy, because while many centrefire ammunition primers contain lead styphnate, barium nitrate, and antimony trisulfide as the major ingredients (Table 1) [4,5], the majority of rimfire ammunitions available in Australia do not contain any antimony compounds in their primer formulation [6]. Therefore in typical Australian shooting investigations the majority of particles present in gunshot residues (GSR), and on occasions the only type of particles present, have a composition that only allows them to be classified as 'consistent' with firearm origin under the ASTM guidelines [7].…”

Determinação de Pb, Ba e Sb em resíduos de disparos de armas de fogo por ET AAS e SEM-EDS, visando ao diagnóstico de falso-positivo

“…As condições de elevadas pressão e temperatura, proporcionadas pela combustão da pólvora em um disparo, originam microesferas compostas pelos elementos presentes no primer da munição e projétil. Experimentos realizados por meio da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEMdo inglês, transmission electron microscopy) evidenciaram que essas partículas são formadas por nanocristais (de dimensões de até 10 nm) de óxidos metálicos, sulfato de chumbo, carbonato de bário, Pb e Sb metálicos, que se agregam entre si e com materiais amorfos gerados pela combustão em estruturas de 100 a 200 nm, a fim de diminuir a energia de superfície e, enfim, em partículas micrométricas maiores [35].…”