Nano-biosensors to detect beta-amyloid for Alzheimer's disease management

Abstract

Beta-amyloid (β-A) peptides are potential biomarkers to monitor Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) for diagnostic purposes. Increased β-A level is neurotoxic and induces oxidative stress in brain resulting in neurodegeneration and causes dementia. As of now, no sensitive and inexpensive method is available for β-A detection under physiological and pathological conditions. Although, available methods such as neuroimaging, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detect β-A, but they are not yet extended at point-of-care (POC) due to sophisticated equipments, need of high expertise, complicated operations, and challenge of low detection limit. Recently, β-A antibody based electrochemical immuno-sensing approach has been explored to detect β-A at pM levels within 30–40 minutes compared to 6–8 hours of ELISA test. The introduction of nano-enabling electrochemical sensing technology could enable rapid detection of β-A at POC and may facilitate fast personalized health care delivery. This review explores recent advancements in nano-enabling electrochemical β-A sensing technologies towards POC application to AD management. These analytical tools can serve as an analytical tool for AD management program to obtain bio-informatics needed to optimize therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases diagnosis management

Gold nanoparticles-based electrochemical method for the detection of protein kinase with a peptide-like inhibitor as the bioreceptor

“…Electrochemical biosensors have shown potential applications in the detection of phosphorylated proteins/ peptides because of their high sensitivity and specificity. [55][56][57][58][59] Usually, the resulting phosphorylated products could be recognized by the elements such as antiphosphorylated peptide antibodies, 19 metal ions, 20 metal complexes, [21][22][23] and nanoparticles. [24][25][26] Moreover, the use of ATP analogs as the cosubstrates (eg, ferrocene [Fc]-ATP, biotin-ATP, and adenosine 5′-[γ-thio] triphosphate [ATP-S]) can also facilitate the development of various novel electrochemical kinase biosensors.…”

Multivalent foldamer-based affinity assay for selective recognition of Aβ oligomers

“…[19] Multiple approaches have been published for capturing/detecting soluble aggregated forms of Aβ: Aβ oligomer specific antibodies; [20][21][22][23][24] simultaneous application of multiple Nterminal specific antibodies; [25][26][27][28] a generic aggregation-sensitive peptide, [29] and Aβ self-recognition via seeded polymerization. [30,31] Advanced detection methods have also been utilized for Aβ oligomer sensing, [32] including DNA biobarcode amplification [21], localized surface plasmon resonance [20] and electrochemical techniques. [33][34][35] It has been pointed out that heterophilic antibodies in biofluids may cause false positives in the antibody-based Aβ capture schemes, therefore alternative molecular recognition elements are sought.…”

Fabrication of thioflavin‐T‐modified nanopillared SERS substrates for ultrasensitive beta‐amyloid peptide detection

“…Alzheimer disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia, affecting about 17 million people worldwide and causing $600 billion socioeconomic cost . Extracellular accumulation of insoluble fibrils in the brain, known as amyloid plaques, is mainly used to characterize AD, which is generally conducted after the occurrence of significant levels of dementia .…”

“…To alleviate these concerns, simple, yet sensitive, Aβ(1–42) detection with nanobiosensor platforms using different detection schemes from optical methods to electrochemical approaches has been proposed. A recent review by Kaushik and coworkers provide a detailed presentation of various such biosensor systems.…”