Nano Architect-Based Targeted Delivery Systems for Diabetic Nephropathy: A Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting disease that is very common in the age group above 20 years and is characterized by hyperglycemia with other complications like Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). The management of DN focuses on mainly four regions: reduction of cardiovascular risks, control of blood glycemic levels, control of the blood pressure (BP) profile, and the use of therenin–angiotensin system (RAS). Although BP management and RAS-acting agents can postpone the onset of DN, they cannot prevent it. In the modern era, nanotechnological interventions have spread rapidly in the field of medicine. Patient defiance is considered important in diabetes management when long-term or continuous management is required. Nano pharmaceuticals have been shown to increase compliance of diabetic patients by providing multiple ways of drug delivery, controlling release profile, increasing biological steadiness, targeting efficacy, and decreasing toxic profile. Nanoscale formulations of botanical antidiabetic molecules improve clinical efficacy and treatment compliance by overcoming associated biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic barriers. Therefore, the development of nanopharmaceuticals can be considered to be a possible answer to attain the finest scientific effect of the plant-based anti-diabetic molecule. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to create clinical research-based and therapeutically effective nanoforms of antidiabetic plant-based molecules to combat the most dreaded disease of diabetes and its known present complications.