“…It must be acknowledged that the rights-based approach, which the HRBA represents, is not the only means to mitigate harms associated with smart cities or foundations to develop imaginaries of urban futures. HRBAs can be criticised, for example, for neglecting collective dimensions and structural inequalities (Karp-pinen & Puukko, 2020;Yeung, 2019;Smuha, 2021a), atmospheric impacts of compliant smart city technologies (Galič & Gellert, 2021), ethical and societal implications of technology (Mantelero, 2018) being too western, narrow or abstract (Smuha, 2021b), shortcomings of available remedies (Hacker, 2018;Hakkarainen, 2021;Kosta, 2022) and misaligned typologies of harm with respect to risks posed by AI (Teo, 2022). Smart city technologies can also be governed by relying on alternative normative standards, such as welfare and democracy (Karppinen & Puukko, 2020), justice-based approaches (Karppinen & Puukko, 2020;Taylor, 2017) and consumer privacy governance in US law (Jones, 2017;Guay & Birch, 2022;Solove Khan, 2019), along with governance of data as a right of speech in the US (Balkin, 2015) and the capabilities-based approach (Sen, 1993;Nussbaum, 1997;Alexander, 2004).…”