Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Carmichael, Wayne W.; Beasley, Val R.; Bunner, David L.; Eloff, Jacobus Nicolaas; Falconer, Ian R.; Gorham, Paul R.; Harada, Ken; Krishnamurthy, Thaiya; Minjuan, Yu; Moore, Richard E.; Rinehart, Kenneth L.; Runnegar, Maria T. C.; Skulberg, Olav M.; Watanabe, Mariyo F.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(88)90195-x

Cited by 352 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

135

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For instance, the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of MC-LR via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection is approximately 50-60 μg/kg body weight (BW) in mice (Botes et al 1984;Carmichael et al 1988) and 72 and 122 μg/kg BW for fasted and fed rats (Miura et al 1991), respectively, but increases to 300-550 μg/kg BW in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Råbergh et al 1991), to 400-500 μg/ kg BW in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Tencalla et al 1994;Kotak et al 1996) and even to 1500 μg/kg BW in perch (Pera fluviatilis) (Ibelings et al 2005). Nevertheless, so far, there is no literature on simultaneous quantification of MC-LR and its two main metabolites and the GSH detoxification dynamics of MCs in mammals, and the role of GSH in the detoxification of MCs in mammals remains largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats

Guo

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Glutathione (GSH) plays crucial roles in antioxidant defense and detoxification metabolism of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). However, the detoxification process of MC-LR in mammals remains largely unknown. This paper, for the first time, quantitatively analyzes MC-LR and its GSH pathway metabolites (MC-LR-GSH and MC-LR-Cys) in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat after MC-LR exposure. Rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.25 and 0.5 lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ) of MC-LR with or without pretreatment of buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The contents of MC-LR-GSH were relatively low during the experiment; however, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR reached as high as 6.65 in 0.5 LD 50 group. These results demonstrated that MC-LR-GSH could be converted to MC-LR-Cys efficiently, and this metabolic rule was in agreement with the data of aquatic animals previously reported. MC-LR contents were much higher in BSO+MC-LRtreated groups than in the single MC-LR-treated groups. Moreover, the ratio of MC-LR-Cys to MC-LR decreased significantly after BSO pretreatment, suggesting that the depletion of GSH induced by BSO reduced the detoxification of MCs. Moreover, MC-LR remarkably induced liver damage, and the effects were more pronounced in BSO pretreatment groups. In conclusion, this study verifies the role of GSH in the detoxification of MC-LR and furthers our understanding of the biochemical mechanism for SD rats to counteract toxic cyanobacteria.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats

Guo

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…About 70 different structural variants of MCs and a few NODs are known, varying in potency from highly toxic to non-toxic, depending on the specific chemical structure. MCs are monocyclic heptapeptides containing both D-and L-amino acids together with N-methyldehydroalanine and a unique ß-amino acid side-group, 3-amino-9-methoxy-2-6, 8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (ADDA) (Botes et al, 1985;Carmichael et al, 1988). MCs are mainly produced by Microcystis, Planktothrix, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Nostoc and Anabaena genera, with Microcystis being the first described MCsproducer.…”

Section: Hepatotoxins: Microcystin and Nodularinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Lopes

Vasconcelos

2011

European Journal of Phycology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms found in aquatic and terrestrial biotopes and ecosystems throughout the world. Marine and freshwater cyanobacteria have been extensively studied due to the toxic hazards that some of them create and biotechnological interest. In contrast, the cyanobacteria of brackish waters have been less studied despite being able to form toxic blooms like their freshwater and marine counterparts. We review the occurrence, diversity and toxicity of cyanobacteria species in the brackish waters of Europe, mainly estuaries and brackish environments of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The dominant cyanobacteria belong mainly to the planktonic genera Nodularia, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Anabaena, but also the benthic forms of Anabaena and Phormidium. Most genera from brackish waters are reported to be hepatotoxin producers (microcystin and nodularin). However, anatoxin-a and other bioactive compounds (e.g. apoptogens) can also be found and are produced exclusively by benthic forms. Nodularin is the best-characterized brackish-water cyanotoxin, being primarily produced by N. spumigena. Data are presented on cyanotoxin production, accumulation, and potential food chain transfer, with a particular focus on nodularin, which induces multiple effects on food-chain dynamics. Microcystins and anatoxin-a are also considered. Potential risks to animals and humans from cyanotoxin exposure are discussed, although reports of animal poisoning by brackish-water toxic cyanobacteria are scarce and no cases of human intoxication are yet known.

show abstract

“…For example, half lethal dose (LD 50 ) of MC-LR via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) is approximately 50-60 lg/ kg body weight (BW) in mice (Botes et al 1984;Carmichael et al 1988), but increases to 300-550 lg/kg BW in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Råbergh et al 1991), to 400-500 lg/kg BW in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Tencalla et al 1994;Kotak et al 1996) and even to 1,500 lg/kg BW in perch (Pera fluviatilis) (Ibelings et al 2005). The use of radioactive labeled MCs as a tracer through i.p.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2013

Ecotoxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To elucidate the interspecies variation of susceptibility to microcystins (MCs), fresh plasma and purified albumin from six kinds of mammals and fish were used in toxins-substances binding test. Protein contents in the test plasma were analyzed and the binding characteristics to MCs were compared. Two kinds of widely observed MCs, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) were tested and data were collected through the method of equilibrium dialysis. It was found that total plasma protein and albumin content in mammals were nearly two times and four times higher than that in fish, respectively. In the test range of 0-100 lg/mL, binding rates of fish plasma to MCs were considered significant lower (p \ 0.01) than that of mammals. And human plasma demonstrated the highest binding rate in mammals. In all the test species, plasma protein binding rates of MC-RR were significantly higher than MC-LR (p \ 0.01). Besides, binding profiles of albumin were acquired under the protein content of 0.67 mg/mL. Human serum albumin demonstrated the highest affinity to MCs throughout the six species and differences among the other five species were considered not significant (p [ 0.05). From the view of protein binding, it is concluded that both the variation of plasma protein composition and albumin binding characteristic could influence the existing form of MCs in circulation, change MCs utilization, alter MCs half-life and further contribute to the difference of susceptibility between mammals and fish.

show abstract

Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Cited by 352 publications

References 11 publications

Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats

Quantitatively evaluating detoxification of the hepatotoxic microcystin-LR through the glutathione (GSH) pathway in SD rats

Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: a perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About