Names of Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Practical Guide

Crous, Pedro W.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Aime, M. Catherine; Allen, W. Cavan; Burgess, Treena I.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Castlebury, Lisa A.

doi:10.1094/phyto-11-20-0512-per

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The era of molecular phylogeny has provided strong evidence that the downy mildews (DMs) are as a group polyphyletic, having evolved at least twice from Phytophthora ancestors (Cooke et al 2000 ; Runge et al 2011 ; Jung et al 2017a ; Bourret et al 2018 ; Scanu et al 2021 ). This has led to a proposal to distribute the main phylogenetic clades of Phytophthora among several new genera (Runge et al 2011 ), further indicated recently by Crous et al ( 2021a ). To assess the merits of this proposal we review here the environmental, economic and social impact, and the biological and phylogenetic characteristics of the genus, including its relationship to the DMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation

et al. 2022

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The considerable economic and social impact of the oomycete genus Phytophthora is well known. In response to evidence that all downy mildews (DMs) reside phylogenetically within Phytophthora, rendering Phytophthora paraphyletic, a proposal has been made to split the genus into multiple new genera. We have reviewed the status of the genus and its relationship to the DMs. Despite a substantial increase in the number of described species and improvements in molecular phylogeny the Phytophthora clade structure has remained stable since first demonstrated in 2000. Currently some 200 species are distributed across twelve major clades in a relatively tight monophyletic cluster. In our assessment of 196 species for twenty morphological and behavioural criteria the clades show good biological cohesion. Saprotrophy, necrotrophy and hemi-biotrophy of woody and non-woody roots, stems and foliage occurs across the clades. Phylogenetically less related clades often show strong phenotypic and behavioural similarities and no one clade or group of clades shows the synapomorphies that might justify a unique generic status. We propose the clades arose from the migration and worldwide radiation ~ 140 Mya (million years ago) of an ancestral Gondwanan Phytophthora population, resulting in geographic isolation and clade divergence through drift on the diverging continents combined with adaptation to local hosts, climatic zones and habitats. The extraordinary flexibility of the genus may account for its global ‘success’. The 20 genera of the obligately biotrophic, angiosperm-foliage specialised DMs evolved from Phytophthora at least twice via convergent evolution, making the DMs as a group polyphyletic and Phytophthora paraphyletic in cladistic terms. The long phylogenetic branches of the DMs indicate this occurred rather rapidly, via paraphyletic evolutionary ‘jumps’. Such paraphyly is common in successful organisms. The proposal to divide Phytophthora appears more a device to address the issue of the convergent evolution of the DMs than the structure of Phytophthora per se. We consider it non-Darwinian, putting the emphasis on the emergent groups (the DMs) rather than the progenitor (Phytophthora) and ignoring the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the divergence. Further, the generic concept currently applied to the DMs is narrower than that between some closely related Phytophthora species. Considering the biological and structural cohesion of Phytophthora, its historic and social impacts and its importance in scientific communication and biosecurity protocol, we recommend that the current broad generic concept is retained by the scientific community.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation

et al. 2022

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“…With such information, the trade-associated risk of spreading the pathogen among countries or regions can be assessed [ 3 , 4 ]. However, while information may be available for the geographic distribution of a pathogen, its center of origin may remain unknown [ 5 ]. Knowing where a pathogen has arisen and evolved is not only of academic importance but has concrete implications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global invasion history of the emerging plant pathogen Phytophthora multivora

et al. 2022

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Background global trade in living plants and plant material has significantly increased the geographic distribution of many plant pathogens. As a consequence, several pathogens have been first found and described in their introduced range where they may cause severe damage on naïve host species. Knowing the center of origin and the pathways of spread of a pathogen is of importance for several reasons, including identifying natural enemies and reducing further spread. Several Phytophthora species are well-known invasive pathogens of natural ecosystems, including Phytophthora multivora. Following the description of P. multivora from dying native vegetation in Australia in 2009, the species was subsequently found to be common in South Africa where it does not cause any remarkable disease. There are now reports of P. multivora from many other countries worldwide, but not as a commonly encountered species in natural environments. Results a global collection of 335 isolates from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, the Canary Islands, and New Zealand was used to unravel the worldwide invasion history of P. multivora, using 10 microsatellite markers for all isolates and sequence data from five loci from 94 representative isolates. Our population genetic analysis revealed an extremely low heterozygosity, significant non-random association of loci and substantial genotypic diversity suggesting the spread of P. multivora readily by both asexual and sexual propagules. The P. multivora populations in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand show the most complex genetic structure, are well established and evolutionary older than those in Europe, North America and the Canary Islands. Conclusions according to the conducted analyses, the world invasion of P. multivora most likely commenced from South Africa, which can be considered the center of origin of the species. The pathogen was then introduced to Australia, which acted as bridgehead population for Europe and North America. Our study highlights a complex global invasion pattern of P. multivora, including both direct introductions from the native population and secondary spread/introductions from bridgehead populations.

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“…As a result of this variety in form and function, the number of species in the Fungal Kingdom has been estimated at well into the mil-lions (Hawksworth and Lücking, 2017;Schmit and Mueller, 2007), possibly making them the second most diverse group of organisms on the planet (Purvis and Hector, 2000). However, taxonomic mycologists have only described approximately 135,000 to 150,000 species, likely to represent 10% at most of the total number of fungi in the world, even if only the most conservative estimates of their biological diversity are considered (Crous et al, 2021;Hibbett et al, 2016). This means that not only are the vast majority of fungi currently undescribed based on their morphology but also their DNA sequence data are not available.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, identification of fungi to species-level may require a combination of morphology (phenotypic; including secondary metabolite profiles) and molecular sequence data from multiple genes (loci) to establish species boundaries (Lambert et al, 2019;Raja et al, 2017c). These so-called polythetic (comparative) taxonomic approaches are necessary to obtain an accurate species-level identification (Crous et al,2021).…”

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confidence: 99%