NAD⁺: A key metabolic regulator with great therapeutic potential

Abstract

+) is a ubiquitous metabolite that serves an essential role in the catabolism of nutrients. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in NAD + biology, with the recognition that NAD + influences many biological processes beyond metabolism, including transcription, signalling and cell survival.There are a multitude of pathways involved in the synthesis and breakdown of ).This redox cycling of NAD + is a key process across numerous metabolic pathways (eg, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation).By contrast to its redox role where the levels of NAD + stay essentially constant, NAD + has more recently gained attention following recognition that it also functions as a co-substrate for a range of different enzymes, including sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases, where NAD + is actively degraded during the enzymatic processes catalysed by these proteins.Because of the breadth of cellular processes regulated by these en- | NAD + HOMEOSTASISThe 11The main pathways involved in the biosynthesis of NAD + are the Preiss-Handler pathway, the de novo biosynthesis pathway and

Administration of nicotinamide riboside prevents oxidative stress and organ injury in sepsis

“…Thus, administration of NR efficiently boosts intracellular NAD + levels, and protects against various chronic health issues such as aging and metabolic syndrome [16–19]. It is well known that NAD + is a co-enzyme in all living cells, which drives poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuin (SIRT) reactions [20]. In metabolism, NAD + is involved in redox reactions.…”

Tomato Powder Inhibits Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation Potentially Through Restoring SIRT1 Activity and Adiponectin Function Independent of Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes in Mice

“…In the present study, we found an increased NAMPT level in the HFD+TP group, which may account for the increased SIRT1 deacetylase activity after TP supplementation. It has been shown that NAD + precursor nicotinamide riboside feeding increased NAD + levels in liver that enhanced oxidation metabolism and protected against HFD‐induced metabolic dysfunction via activated SIRT1 . Intriguingly, nicotinamide riboside feeding ameliorated the steatosis that normally accompanies liver regeneration, but the overexpressing NAMPT in mice was similar to that of mice treated with nicotinamide riboside, and exhibited enhanced liver regeneration and reduced steatosis following partial hepatectomy .…”

Implications of NAD+ Metabolism in the Aging Retina and Retinal Degeneration

“…The potential therapeutic utility of NAD + supplementation was demonstrated as early as 1937 when it was demonstrated that it could cure the black tongue in the canine and successfully treat pellagra in the human [26][27][28]. Accordingly, more recent studies have shown that supplementation with NAD + precursors improves NAD + levels in aged tissues and thereby protects against aging and the development and progression of aging-related diseases [14,[29][30][31][32][33]. Indeed, boosting NAD + metabolism has been shown to extend the lifespan of various organisms, such as yeast, worms, flies, and rodents [11].…”