Na+,K+-ATPase and Cardiotonic Steroids in Models of Dopaminergic System Pathologies

Abstract

In recent years, enough evidence has accumulated to assert that cardiotonic steroids, Na+,K+-ATPase ligands, play an integral role in the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. However, little is known about the function of these compounds in the central nervous system. Endogenous cardiotonic steroids are involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder, which are linked to dopaminergic system dysfunction. Animal models have shown that the cardiotonic steroid ouabain induces mania-like behavior through dopamine-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In addition, mutations in the alpha subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase lead to the development of neurological pathologies. Evidence from animal models confirms the neurological consequences of mutations in the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit. This review is dedicated to discussing the role of cardiotonic steroids and Na+,K+-ATPase in dopaminergic system pathologies—both the evidence supporting their involvement and potential pathways along which they may exert their effects are evaluated. Since there is an association between affective disorders accompanied by functional alterations in the dopaminergic system and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, we extend our discussion to the role of Na+,K+-ATPase and cardiotonic steroids in neurodegenerative diseases as well.

Selective (α)-l-Rhamnosylation and Neuroprotective Activity Exploration of Cardiotonic Steroids

“…Due to this effect, cardiotonic steroids digoxin and digitoxin have been essential therapeutics for the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmia. ,− However, the biological activity of cardenolides extends well beyond their cardiotonic activity. Among numerous other applications, cardiotonic steroids have been explored as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, − viral infections, , neurodegenerative diseases, , and stroke − and as anti-inflammatory ,, and senolytic agents. Particularly interesting are the recent reports indicating that cardiotonic steroids, such as ouabain and digoxin, may influence the peripheral and central nervous systems.…”