N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions

Stehfest, Elke; Bouwman, A. F.

doi:10.1007/s10705-006-9000-7

Cited by 887 publications

(847 citation statements)

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“…One driving force of N 2 O emission is the intensity of N fertilisation. Numerous studies have reported the relationship between N 2 O emission and mineral and organic N fertilisation [52][53][54]. However, in this study, an effect of fertilisation on N 2 O emissions could not be observed for the full study period, probably due to relatively low fertilisation rates of maximum 75 kg N ha −1 with a high variability.…”

Section: Driving Forces Of Ghg Emissions In Srccontrasting

confidence: 61%

Environmental Effects over the First 2½ Rotation Periods of a Fertilised Poplar Short Rotation Coppice

et al. 2017

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A short rotation coppice (SRC) with poplar was established in a randomised fertilisation experiment on sandy loam soil in Potsdam (Northeast Germany). The main objective of this study was to assess if negative environmental effects as nitrogen leaching and greenhouse gas emissions are enhanced by mineral nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to poplar at rates of 0, 50 and 75 kg N ha −1 year −1 and how these effects are influenced by tree age with increasing number of rotation periods and cycles of organic matter decomposition and tree growth after each harvesting event. Between 2008 and 2012, the leaching of nitrate (NO 3 − ) was monitored with self-integrating accumulators over 6-month periods and the emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were determined in closed gas chambers. During the first 4 years of the poplar SRC, most nitrogen was lost through NO 3 − leaching from the main root zone; however, there was no significant relationship to the rate of N fertilisation. On average, 5.8 kg N ha −1 year −1 (13.0 kg CO 2equ ) was leached from the root zone. Nitrogen leaching rates decreased in the course of the 4-year study parallel to an increase of the fine root biomass and the degree of mycorrhization. In contrast to N leaching, the loss of nitrogen by N 2 O emissions from the soil was very low with an average of 0.61 kg N ha −1 year −1 (182 kg CO 2equ ) and were also not affected by N fertilisation over the whole study period. Real CO 2 emissions from the poplar soil were two orders of magnitude higher ranging between 15,122 and 19,091 kg CO 2 ha −1 year −1 and followed the rotation period with enhanced emission rates in the years of harvest. As key-factors for NO 3 − leaching and N 2 O emissions, the time after planting and after harvest and the rotation period have been identified by a mixed effects model.

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Section: Driving Forces Of Ghg Emissions In Srccontrasting

confidence: 61%

Environmental Effects over the First 2½ Rotation Periods of a Fertilised Poplar Short Rotation Coppice

et al. 2017

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“…Moreover, in many studies fertilizer N source effects are confounded with placement and other variations in methodology, thus further complicating (and often invalidating) comparisons of N source effects. Using an expansion of the data set used by Bouwman et al (2002a), Stehfest and Bouwman (2006) found that after balancing for other factors, differences among fertilizer types all but disappeared. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that enhancedefficiency fertilizers such as slow and controlled release and stabilized N fertilizers can enhance crop recovery of fertilizer N and minimize nutrient losses to the environment (Snyder et al 2007).…”

Section: Fertilizer N Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Millar

Robertson

Grace

et al. 2010

Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change

223

173

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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) rate is the best single predictor of N 2 O emissions in rowcrop agriculture in the US Midwest. We use this relationship to propose a transparent, scientifically robust protocol that can be utilized by developers of agricultural offset projects for generating fungible GHG emission reduction credits for the emerging US carbon cap and trade market. By coupling predicted N 2 O flux with the recently developed maximum return to N (MRTN) approach for determining economically profitable N input rates for optimized crop yield, we provide the basis for incentivizing N 2 O reductions without affecting yields. The protocol, if widely adopted, could reduce N 2 O from fertilized row-crop agriculture by more than 50%. Although other management and environmental factors can influence N 2 O emissions, fertilizer N rate can be viewed as a single unambiguous proxy-a transparent, tangible, and readily manageable commodity. Our protocol addresses baseline establishment, additionality, permanence, variability, and leakage, and provides for producers and other stakeholders the economic and environmental incentives necessary for adoption of agricultural N 2 O reduction offset projects.

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“…whether NBPT or DCD was incorporated into the granule). Other studies have also found N 2 O emissions were greater from NO 3 --based fertilisers than from urea (Dobbie and Smith 2003, Stehfest and Bouwman 2006, Kuikman et al, 2006. The range of direct annual EFs in this experiment (0.02-3.81%) are similar to the ranges of EFs calculated by Dobbie and Smith (2003) in Scottish grasslands (1 to 3%), Kuikman et al, (2006) (Hyde et al, 2006, Rafique et al, 2011).…”

Section: N 2 O Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Reducing nitrous oxide emissions by changing N fertiliser use from calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) to urea based formulations

Harty

Forrestal

Watson

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

142

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*Corresponding authors karl.richards@teagasc.ieHighlights  The N 2 O emission factor for CAN was substantially higher than the IPCC default and highly variable between sites and across years. Urea products decreased direct N 2 O emissions from CAN on average by 80%  Switching from CAN to urea products reduces both N 2 O emissions and fertiliser costs. 3 AbstractThe accelerating use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisers, to meet the world's growing food demand, is the primary driver for increased atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The IPCC default emission factor (EF) for N 2 O from soils is 1% of the N applied, irrespective of its form. However, N 2 O emissions tend to be higher from nitrate-containing fertilisers e.g. calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) compared to urea, particularly in regions, which have mild, wet climates and high organic matter soils. Urea can be an inefficient N source due to NH 3 volatilisation, but nitrogen stabilisers (urease and nitrification inhibitors) can improve its efficacy. This study evaluated the impact of switching fertiliser formulation from calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) to urea-based products, as a potential mitigation strategy to reduce N 2 O emissions at six temperate grassland sites on the island of Ireland. The surface applied formulations included CAN, urea and urea with the urease inhibitor N-(nbutyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and/or the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). Results showed that N 2 O emissions were significantly affected by fertiliser formulation, soil type and climatic conditions. The direct N 2 O emission factor (EF) from CAN averaged 1.49% overall sites, but was highly variable, ranging from 0.58% to 3.81.Amending urea with NBPT, to reduce ammonia volatilisation, resulted in an average EF of 0.40% (ranging from 0.21 to 0.69%)-compared to an average EF of 0.25% for urea (ranging from 0.1 to 0.49%), with both fertilisers significantly lower and less variable than CAN.Cumulative N 2 O emissions from urea amended with both NBPT and DCD were not significantly different from background levels. Switching from CAN to stabilised urea formulations was found to be an effective strategy to reduce N 2 O emissions, particularly in wet, temperate grassland. 4Key words nitrous oxide mitigation; emission factor; calcium ammonium nitrate; stabilised urea; nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide (DCD); urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT).5

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N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions

Cited by 887 publications

References 37 publications

Environmental Effects over the First 2½ Rotation Periods of a Fertilised Poplar Short Rotation Coppice

Environmental Effects over the First 2½ Rotation Periods of a Fertilised Poplar Short Rotation Coppice

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Reducing nitrous oxide emissions by changing N fertiliser use from calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) to urea based formulations

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