“…As for CDs, when the value of the excitation wavelength was increased, the fluorescence intensity went up along with a red-shift ( Figure S2). As for the NPCDs, Figure 1B shows that there [18] Si,N-CDs Ethylenediamine, APTES Hydrothermal 29.7% [15] S,N-CDs Citric acid, N-acetyl-L-Cysteine Hydrothermal 49% [36] S,N-CDs Sodium citrate, sulfamide Hydrothermal 55% [37] S,N-CDs Citric acid, L-Cysteine Hydrothermal 73% [38] In addition, we investigated excitation-dependent fluorescence emissions of CDs and NPCDs solutions. As for CDs, when the value of the excitation wavelength was increased, the fluorescence intensity went up along with a red-shift ( Figure S2).…”
Carbon dots (CDs) demonstrate very poor fluorescence quantum yield (QY). In this study, with the help of a hydrothermal method, we combined CDs with nitrogen and phosphorus elements belonging to the VA group (in the periodic table) to form heteroatom co-doped CDs, i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (NPCDs). These displayed a significant improvement in the QY (up to 84%), which was as much as four times than that of CDs synthesized by the same method. The as-prepared NPCDs could be used as an “off-on” fluorescence detector for the rapid and effective sensing of ferric ions (Fe3+) and catecholamine neurotransmitters (CNs) such as dopamine (DA), adrenaline (AD), and noradrenaline (NAD). The fluorescence of NPCDs was “turned off” and the emission wavelength was slightly red-shifted upon increasing the Fe3+ concentration. However, when CNs were incorporated, the fluorescence of NPCDs was recovered in a short response time; this indicated that CN concentration could be monitored, relying on enhancing the fluorescence signal of NPCDs. As a result, NPCDs are considered as a potential fluorescent bi-sensor for Fe3+ and CN detection. Particularly, in this research, we selected DA as the representative neurotransmitter of the CN group along with Fe3+ to study the sensing system based on NPCDs. The results exhibited good linear ranges with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 and 0.1 µM for Fe3+ and DA, respectively.
“…As for CDs, when the value of the excitation wavelength was increased, the fluorescence intensity went up along with a red-shift ( Figure S2). As for the NPCDs, Figure 1B shows that there [18] Si,N-CDs Ethylenediamine, APTES Hydrothermal 29.7% [15] S,N-CDs Citric acid, N-acetyl-L-Cysteine Hydrothermal 49% [36] S,N-CDs Sodium citrate, sulfamide Hydrothermal 55% [37] S,N-CDs Citric acid, L-Cysteine Hydrothermal 73% [38] In addition, we investigated excitation-dependent fluorescence emissions of CDs and NPCDs solutions. As for CDs, when the value of the excitation wavelength was increased, the fluorescence intensity went up along with a red-shift ( Figure S2).…”
Carbon dots (CDs) demonstrate very poor fluorescence quantum yield (QY). In this study, with the help of a hydrothermal method, we combined CDs with nitrogen and phosphorus elements belonging to the VA group (in the periodic table) to form heteroatom co-doped CDs, i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (NPCDs). These displayed a significant improvement in the QY (up to 84%), which was as much as four times than that of CDs synthesized by the same method. The as-prepared NPCDs could be used as an “off-on” fluorescence detector for the rapid and effective sensing of ferric ions (Fe3+) and catecholamine neurotransmitters (CNs) such as dopamine (DA), adrenaline (AD), and noradrenaline (NAD). The fluorescence of NPCDs was “turned off” and the emission wavelength was slightly red-shifted upon increasing the Fe3+ concentration. However, when CNs were incorporated, the fluorescence of NPCDs was recovered in a short response time; this indicated that CN concentration could be monitored, relying on enhancing the fluorescence signal of NPCDs. As a result, NPCDs are considered as a potential fluorescent bi-sensor for Fe3+ and CN detection. Particularly, in this research, we selected DA as the representative neurotransmitter of the CN group along with Fe3+ to study the sensing system based on NPCDs. The results exhibited good linear ranges with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 and 0.1 µM for Fe3+ and DA, respectively.
“…Therefore, doping of CDs with multiple atoms has attracted much attention, since it could create unique electronic structures due to the synergistic effects from the various doped heteroatoms in CDs. 18 Until now, co-doping of CDs with N/S, 122–125 N/P, 126 N/B, 127,128 N/S/B 129 and N/S/P 130,131 has all been reported.…”
Carbon dots (CDs) have received extensive attention in the last decade for their excellent optical, chemical and biological properties. In recent years, CDs composites have also received significant attention due...
“…Later, several CDs with temperature-dependent emission were prepared using a variety of synthesis methods, such as hydrothermal and solvothermal treatment [2,77,92,95,[97][98][99][100][101][102][103], heat reflux [94,96], and laser ablation [14] as shown in Table 1. The prepared CDs showed linear temperature-dependent fluorescence at the physiological ranges (shown in Table 1).…”
Section: Carbon Dots As Nanothermometersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The general picture is that the nonradiative channels were not activated at low temperatures, so the excited electrons could emit photons radiatively. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, more non-radiative channels became activated, and excited electrons got back to the ground state by nonradiative processes, leading to the decreasing fluorescence intensity [2,95,99,100,103]. The mechanism of CDs emissions with heating/cooling is shown in Fig.…”
Section: Mechanism Of Thermo-sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Temperature is a fundamental thermodynamic variable that has a remarkable influence on the biological and chemical systems. On account of its wide range of applications, almost in all fields of natural sciences, engineering, agricultural, and medical sciences, precise temperature determination is of great significance [1,2]. In medical applications, thermometry is used for early detection of various diseases, such as stroke, cancer, or inflammations, one of whose incipient symptoms is the emergence of localized temperature peculiarities.…”
Highly sensitive non-contact mode temperature sensing is substantial for studying fundamental chemical reactions, biological processes, and applications in medical diagnostics. Nanoscale-based thermometers are guaranteeing non-invasive probes for sensitive and precise temperature sensing with subcellular resolution. Fluorescence-based temperature sensors have shown great capacity since they operate as “non-contact” mode and offer the dual functions of cellular imaging and sensing the temperature at the molecular level. Advancements in nanomaterials and nanotechnology have led to the development of novel sensors, such as nanothermometers (novel temperature-sensing materials with a high spatial resolution at the nanoscale). Such nanothermometers have been developed using different platforms such as fluorescent proteins, organic compounds, metal nanoparticles, rare-earth-doped nanoparticles, and semiconductor quantum dots. Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted interest in many research fields because of outstanding properties such as strong fluorescence, photobleaching resistance, chemical stability, low-cost precursors, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. Recent reports showed the thermal-sensing behavior of some CDs that make them an alternative to other nanomaterials-based thermometers. This kind of luminescent-based thermometer is promising for nanocavity temperature sensing and thermal mapping to grasp a better understanding of biological processes. With CDs still in its early stages as nanoscale-based material for thermal sensing, in this review, we provide a comprehensive understanding of this novel nanothermometer, methods of functionalization to enhance thermal sensitivity and resolution, and mechanism of the thermal sensing behavior.
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