N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosan and Its Potential Bactericidal Activity: Current Aspects and Technological Applications

Abstract

N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) is one of most important chitosan derivative with stronger bactericidal property. Currently, the TMC has been attracted considerable attention, because it contains quaternized ammonium moieties ( -+ N(CH 3 ) 3 ) in its network. Its cationic property leads to a renowned bactericidal power. Besides, TMC has appropriate biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesive capacity and greater solubility at pH close to physiological condition regarding chitosan. In this way, there are not sources regarding revision papers toward TMC bactericidal action. So, this revision work reports the TMC potential to be applied in many fields, depicting its bactericidal performance, as well as, its bactericidal mechanism and some current technological aspects that must be considered.

N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan as a permeation enhancer for inhalation drug delivery: Interaction with a model pulmonary surfactant

“…Trimethyl chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable derivative of chitosan with three methyl groups on nitrogen which provide positive charges and watersolubility in a wide pH-range when the degree of quaternization is higher than 40% [9][10][11][12]. The permanent positive charges also ensure unique features such as muco-adhesion [10], reversible opening of tight junctions between epithelial cells [13], and antimicrobial effect via interaction with bacteria cell walls [14]. Tight junctions are depicted as highly hydrated complexes with fixed negative sites.…”

Antimicrobial Activities of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites against Pathogenic Bacteria

“…Gram-negative E. coli has a multilayer membrane composed of phospholipid bilayer acting as a barrier against the antimicrobial materials. The Gram-negative bacteria cell also has higher negative charge on the surface than the Gram-positive one …”

“…The Gram-negative bacteria cell also has higher negative charge on the surface than the Gram-positive one. 2 Since C15A has a longer alkyl chain at QAS with a larger amount of modifier than C25A, it may have difficulty in penetrating the multilayer membrane of E. coli. Higher hydrophobicity of C15A compared to C25A may also provide some difficulty in adsorption of C15A on the highly negative surface of Gram-negative E. coli.…”

“…The emergence of bacteria species such as antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Streptococcus pyogenes , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa definitely calls for studies of antibacterial materials. , The traditional biocides consisting of natural and low molecular weight chemicals do not meet the requirements of antibacterial activities, since dead bacteria may easily accumulate on antibacterial surfaces containing antibiotic agents . They block the antibacterial functional groups, eventually harming the human body .…”

Polyimidazolium protects against an invasive clinical isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium

“…Common design principles for AMPs consist of cationic hydrophilic-hydrophobic macromolecules, which enables effective targeting and interaction with the negatively-charged bacterial cell surface to promote a contact-based killing mechanism (16). Binding of AMPs to the microbial envelope leads to increased membrane permeability, structural changes (distortion-disruption), leakage of cytoplasmic constituents and eventual bacterial cell death (16)(17)(18). Despite its potential for therapeutic usage, there are some limitations associated with the usage of AMPs, including: mammalian cell cytotoxicity, discrepancies between in vitro vs in vivo efficacy, challenges and potency in human administration, difficulty in synthesis, and the high cost of production (19,20).…”