N-hexane neuropathy with vertigo and cold allodynia in a silk screen printer: A case study

Pradhan, Sunil; Tandon, Ravi

doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00327

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Subsequently, this neurotoxic disease was found to be associated worldwide with occupations such as furniture making [3], printing [4], shoe or bag manufacturing [5–7], electronic device manufacturing [8], or other types of work where n -hexane-containing adhesive agents were applied [9–12]. Outbreaks were also reported in Taiwan in workers engaged in press proofing [13], ball manufacturing [14], and printing [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Hexane intoxication in a Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plant: a case report

Pan

Peng

et al. 2017

J Med Case Reports

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Background n-Hexane is a well-known neurotoxicant. Polyneuropathy due to occupational n-hexane exposure has been reported worldwide, however, our case is the first report in the Chinese herb industry.Case presentationA 25-year-old Asian man experienced progressive weakness and numbness in his hands and feet after working as an operator in a Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plant for the manufacture of Chinese herbal pain relief patches for 10 months. Electrophysiological studies indicated a reduction in nerve conduction velocity, prolongation of distal latencies, mildly positive sharp waves, and reduced recruitment with polyphasic potentials, particularly at distal sites. Demyelination with axonal degeneration caused by occupational n-hexane exposure was strongly suspected. Through investigation of our patient’s workplace, the ambient n-hexane concentration in air was found to considerably exceed the permissible exposure limit/time-weighted average for n-hexane in Taiwan. His symptoms were gradually relieved after 4 months of cessation of exposure to n-hexane. He was then confirmed as a case of occupational n-hexane intoxication. Further effective control measures should be implemented as soon as possible to prevent exposure of workers to n-hexane.ConclusionsDespite a typical clinical presentation, his exposure at workplace was appropriately investigated. Chemical exposure in Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plants could be an emerging issue that may affect workers’ health. The lack of knowledge and management of solvents could endanger the health of workers. This case has profound educational implications for occupational health and is worthy of further follow-up for improving hazards control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Hexane intoxication in a Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plant: a case report

Pan

Peng

et al. 2017

J Med Case Reports

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“…N-hexane is a type of volatile organic solvent that is mainly utilized in industrial printing, electronic device cleaning, oil extraction, and leather adhesion [ 1 ]. Inhaled n-hexane can be absorbed and can then be transported to lipid-rich tissues and organs such as the brain, peripheral nerves, liver, spleen, and kidneys [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Long-term exposure to n-hexane causes severe neuropathy in both humans and experimental animals [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2,5-Hexanedione Affects Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Swine by Regulating the CDKN1A Gene: A Transcriptome Analysis

Chen

Kong

Yang

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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N-hexane, a common industrial organic solvent, causes multiple organ damage owing to its metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD). To identify and evaluate the effects of 2,5-HD on sows’ reproductive performance, we used porcine ovarian granulosa cells (pGCs) as a vehicle and carried out cell morphology and transcriptome analyses. 2,5-HD has the potential to inhibit the proliferation of pGCs and induce morphological changes and apoptosis depending on the dose. RNA-seq analyses identified 4817 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 2394 down-regulated and 2423 up-regulated following 2,5-HD exposure treatment. The DEG, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, was significantly enriched in the p53 signaling pathway. Thus, we evaluated its function in pGC apoptosis in vitro. Then, we knocked down the CDKN1A gene in the pGCs to identify its effects on pGCs. Its knockdown decreased pGC apoptosis, with significantly fewer cells in the G1 phase (p < 0.05) and very significantly more cells in the S phase (p < 0.01). Herein, we revealed novel candidate genes that influence pGCs apoptosis and cell cycle and provided new insights into the role of CDKN1A in pGCs during apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

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“…It is considered a low-boiling chemical that is volatile at room temperature because of its boiling point of 69 • C and vapor pressure of 127.5 mmHg at 25 • C. It has the advantages of low price and good performance, and thus it is widely used in various production processes. For example, it is used as a cleaning agent and adhesive in printing, hardware and electronic equipment manufacturing industries (2,3). Workers are exposed to NH at work through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact (4), which is mainly metabolized to 2,5-Hexanedione(2,5-HD) in the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of multiple occupational health risk assessment models in the prediction of occupational health risks of n-Hexane in the air-conditioned closed workshop

Zhu¹,

Su²,

Wen³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Backgroundn-Hexane (NH) poisoning is a common occupational poisoning in the hardware and electronics industries. However, there is few research data on risk assessment of positions using NH in enclosed workshops. It is very important to assess the risk level of these positions and put forward effective measures and suggestions.MethodsThe information of selected companies and air samples were collected through on-site investigation, and data collation and sample testing were carried out according to the requirements of Chinese standards. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essential, the EPA non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, the Singapore exposure index method and the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models were used to assess the risks of NH.ResultsThe working hours of the exposure groups, printing groups and packing groups all exceeded 9 h per day, less than 30% of each similar exposure groups (SEG) was equipped with the local exhaust ventilation, and 11.1% of the cleaning group and 8.3% of the printing group had NH concentrations in the air that exceeded the Chinese occupational exposure limit (OEL). In the EPA non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, each SEG was evaluated at high risk. In the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models, all of the work groups of exposure groups, 91.7% of the work groups of printing groups, 77.8% of the work groups of printing groups, and 57.1% of the work groups of printing groups were evaluated at unacceptable risk. More than 40.0% of the work groups of printing groups and cleaning groups and over 20.0% of the work groups of exposure groups and packing groups were evaluated at high risk in the Chinese semi-quantitative risk assessment models.ConclusionsThe Chinese exposure index method and the synthesis index method may have a stronger practicability. Some work groups that use NH in air-conditioned enclosed workshops in China, especially the cleaning groups, are still in a high-risk state. It is necessary to increase protective measures and strengthen occupational hygiene management to reduce risks.

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N-hexane neuropathy with vertigo and cold allodynia in a silk screen printer: A case study

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

n-Hexane intoxication in a Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plant: a case report

n-Hexane intoxication in a Chinese medicine pharmaceutical plant: a case report

2,5-Hexanedione Affects Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Swine by Regulating the CDKN1A Gene: A Transcriptome Analysis

Application of multiple occupational health risk assessment models in the prediction of occupational health risks of n-Hexane in the air-conditioned closed workshop

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