2011
DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102435
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N‐Heterocyclische Carbene: Organokatalysatoren mit mäßiger Nucleophilie, aber außerordentlich hoher Lewis‐Basizität

Abstract: Außergewöhnliche Organokatalysatoren: Die Arduengo‐Carbene 1 und 2 sind 103‐mal nucleophiler als das Enders‐Carben 3, das ähnlich reaktiv ist wie Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecen (DBU) und 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridin (DMAP). Die außergewöhnliche organokatalytische Aktivität von 1–3 wird mit ihren besonders hohen Lewis‐Basizitäten erklärt, die die von PPh3, DBU und DMAP um mehr als 100 kJ mol−1 übertreffen.

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Cited by 61 publications
(29 citation statements)
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References 82 publications
(25 reference statements)
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“…The 9 ] À units that are interconnected by additional Br 2 units through the central bromide.T his results in an octahedral arrangement, which is av ery rare motif in polyhalogen chemistry.T he [Br 9 ·Br 2 ] À moieties are further connected by tribromides to form ac omplex three-dimensional network. [121] The sedecabromine dianion, [Br 16 ] 2À : Thec ompound [PNP] 2 [Br 16 ]·Br 2 was synthesized by reaction of [PNP]I ((PNP = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)iminium) with seven equivalents of elemental bromine.A sexpected from the standard electrode potential, I À is most likely oxidized to I 2 while Br 2 is reduced to Br À .These bromide anions are then complexed by excess Br 2 .T he sedecabromide that is formed shows abroad Raman band at 283 cm À1 and consists of two Tshaped [Br 7 ] À anions,i nterconnected by ad ibromine moiety through ac entral Br À .…”
Section: Polybromine Dianionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The 9 ] À units that are interconnected by additional Br 2 units through the central bromide.T his results in an octahedral arrangement, which is av ery rare motif in polyhalogen chemistry.T he [Br 9 ·Br 2 ] À moieties are further connected by tribromides to form ac omplex three-dimensional network. [121] The sedecabromine dianion, [Br 16 ] 2À : Thec ompound [PNP] 2 [Br 16 ]·Br 2 was synthesized by reaction of [PNP]I ((PNP = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)iminium) with seven equivalents of elemental bromine.A sexpected from the standard electrode potential, I À is most likely oxidized to I 2 while Br 2 is reduced to Br À .These bromide anions are then complexed by excess Br 2 .T he sedecabromide that is formed shows abroad Raman band at 283 cm À1 and consists of two Tshaped [Br 7 ] À anions,i nterconnected by ad ibromine moiety through ac entral Br À .…”
Section: Polybromine Dianionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[6] Iodine is also generally used, for example,in pharmaceuticals,i nc ontrast agents in medical imaging, [7] in disinfectants based on iodinated organic compounds such as iodoform, [8] and in catalysts. [9] Apart from their use in important halogenated compounds,asdescribed above,h alogens can also form interhal-This Review deals with the evolving field of polyhalogen chemistry, specifically polyhalogen anions (polyhalides). In addition to ahistorical outline,c urrent progress in synthetic approaches towards the formation of polyfluorides,p olychlorides,p olybromides,a nd polyinterhalides is also illustrated.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[1d, [3][4][5] During the last decades, we have constructed a comprehensive nucleophilicity scale, which is based on reactions of π-, n-, and σ-nucleophiles with benzhydrylium ions, structurally related quinone methides, and diethyl benzylidenemalonates. [6][7][8][9][10][11] The second-order rate constants of these reactions have been described by Equation (1), where E is an electrophile-specific parameter, and N and s N are nucleophile-specific parameters. [12] lg k 2 (20°C) = s N (N + E) (1) We now report on the kinetics of the reactions of the anions of ethyl arylacetates 1 (Scheme 1) with the reference electrophiles 2 and 3 (Table 1) in DMSO solution, and use these data to include the anions 1a-f in our nucleophilicity scale.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…B. in Brennstoffzellen) [6] sind allgegenwärtig.I od findet ebenfalls breite Anwendung,beispielsweise in Pharmaka, als Kontrastmittel bei der bildgebenden Diagnostik, [7] als Desinfektionsmittel auf Basis iodierter organischer Verbindungen wie Iodoform [8] sowie als Katalysator. [9] Dieser Aufsatz widmet sichdem wachsenden Gebiet der Polyhalogen-Chemie und insbesondere den Polyhalogen-Anionen (Polyhalogenide). Neben einem historischen Abriss werden aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Synthese von Polyfluoriden, -chloriden, -bromiden und -interhalogeniden erläutert.…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…Das anionische Netzwerk in [(C 6 H 4 F) 3 PBr] 2 [Br 14 ]b esteht aus planaren [Br 9 ] À -Einheiten, die durch zusätzliche Br 2 -Einheiten über die zentralen Bromid-Ionen verknüpft sind. Dadurch entstehen eine für Polyhalogenide sehr seltene,o ktaedrische Struktur sowie durch zusätzliche Verknüpfung der [Br9 ·Br 2 ] À -Einheiten mit Tr ibromiden ein komplexes dreidimensionales Netzwerk [121]. Das Sedecabrom-Dianion,[Br 16 ] 2À : Durch die Reaktion von [PNP]I mit sieben ¾quivalenten elementaren Broms konnte [PNP] 2[Br 16 ]·Br 2 synthetisiert werden.…”
unclassified