Monofunctional maleimides have been used to covalently modify the coupling factor protein of monocot thylakoid membranes. As with dicot thylakoids, incubation of the monocot thylakoids with maleimides in the light but not in the dark results in inhibition of both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. In the dark, sites on the Y and subunits of maize Zea mays coupling factor 1 are modified after incubation of maize mesophyll thylakoids with the fluorescent maleimide N-(anilinonaphthyl-4) maleimide. A light accessible site localized solely to the y subunit has also been demonstrated. itaria sanguinalis]) with bifunctional maleimides or thiol oxidants in the light does not result in functional uncoupling, i.e the bifunctional reagents act more like energy transfer inhibitors. The lack of functional uncoupling could be due either to a failure of the reagents to cross-link key sulfhydryl residues in the y subunit or to the continued ability of the y subunit to gate proton movements through the chloroplast coupling factor complex even though its conformation has been altered by sulfhydryl reagents.The y subunit of the spinach proton-ATPase contains one disulfide bridge and two free sulfhydryls (9). One of the free sulffiydryls (S4 in McCarty's terminology [15]) is readily accessible to modification by maleimides in the dark. Modification of S4 has no apparent effect on energy transduction mediated by the coupling factor (CF,3). The second free sulfhydryl (S3) is not readily accessible, but becomes available when the thylakoid membrane is energized. Modification of S3 with maleimides inhibits both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis without affecting proton leakiness (10, 12 (6,20). When S3 (Cys-89) and S4 (Cys-322) of spinach y are