“…16 However, most existing methods for preparing nitrogen-doped carbon materials, e.g., the thermal decomposition of nitrogen-containing precursors over metals such as Fe, Co and Ni, lead to the presence of residual metal species or impurities in the synthesized carbons, which seriously degrade the ORR performance. [17][18][19][20] Several recent studies have shown that nitrogen-doped carbons can be prepared as an electrocatalyst material for ORR without any metal precursors. 21,22 Thus, metal-free materials, including nitrogen-doped carbons, have attracted growing interest as a catalyst material in recent years on account of their excellent ORR electrochemical properties, low cost, low side-reaction effects and good stability.…”