“…Especially, the deconvolution of a high-resolution C 1s scan yields five peaks at 284.5, 285, 286, 287, and 288.8 eV, which can be ascribed to C sp2, C sp3/C–N, C–O, CN/O–CO, and CO, respectively (Figure S6b). ,− The high-resolution N 1s spectrum exhibits two predominant fitted peaks at about 399.8 and 398.3 eV, corresponding to pyrrolic N and pyridinic N, respectively (Figure S6c). The high-resolution O 1s spectrum (Figure S6d) verifies the presence of three oxygen-containing groups including CO, C–OH, and OC–O due to the peaks observed at 531.4, 532.7, and 533.3 eV, respectively .…”