N-doped carbon armored metal phosphides grown in-situ on nickel foam as chainmail catalysts toward high efficiency electrolytic water splitting

Porous Ni Foams Filled by N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Coated with N-Doped Ni3P and Ni Nanoparticles for Catalytic Water Splitting

“…Precious metal-based materials, such as Pt, IrO 2 , and RuO 2 , are presently considered as the perfect catalysts for HER or OER. However, the characteristics of scarcity and high price hinder their wide application. − Thus, there is an urgent need for catalysts based on nonprecious metals, which are earth-abundant and inexpensive, to replace them. , …”

Mixed Metal Phosphide Chainmail Catalysts Confined in N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanoboxes as Highly Efficient Water-Oxidation Electrocatalysts with Ultralow Overpotentials and Tafel Slopes

“…The oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) is an essential half-reaction in several important sustainable energy technologies, including water electrolysis and metal–air batteries. − It involves the transfer of four electrons and the formation of O–O bonds, whose kinetics are inherently sluggish, requiring high overpotentials and thus reducing overall energy-conversion efficiencies. − Nobel-metal-based electrocatalysts such as IrO 2 and RuO 2 are very efficient and often viewed as benchmark catalysts for the OER. They are, however, extremely Earth-scarce, and the consequent high costs hinder their commercial applications. − Therefore, the development of stable, cost-effective, high-efficiency non-noble-metal-based catalysts, composed of Earth-abundant elements, is critically in demand. − …”

Co/MoC Nanoparticles Embedded in Carbon Nanoboxes as Robust Trifunctional Electrocatalysts for a Zn–Air Battery and Water Electrocatalysis

“…Over the past few years, many efforts have been made for the design and development of various advanced nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts. − Among them, nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) materials confined with transition metal nanoparticles are indentified to be the promising electrocatalysts toward OER, HER, or ORR processes because of their intrinsic advantages of excellent electrical conductivity, rich active sites, and high activities . Recently, zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) have been repeatedly proven to be ideal precursors for the preparation of metal–N-C catalysts, in which the metal centers and ligands of ZIF materials can supply transition metals and carbon sources doped with heteroatoms, respectively. − However, direct high-temperature carbonization strategy may result in a decrease in both nitrogen content and porosity of the prepared metal-embedded NC product, thereby greatly reducing the available active sites and limiting the mass transfer process, which will seriously affect the catalytic activity of the material .…”