“…HSS is known to control cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation by interacting with particular cell surface receptors, like integrins and selectins, and by modulating the secretion of growth factors like fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), VEGF, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) . Nonetheless, the biological activity of HSS is known to be significantly impacted by subtle variations in its sulfation pattern. , For instance, N- and 2-O desulfation of HSS totally impairs its ability to bind to the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), which, in turn, compromises FGF-induced signaling events. Conversely, desulfation at position 6-O does not affect FGF-2 binding but instead interferes with FGF-1 receptor activation, which blocks RAS-ERK signaling and, hence, suppresses angiogenesis. , Similarly, a higher degree of sulfation raises HSS’s binding affinity for VEGF, increasing the growth factor’s absorption and sequestration.…”