N-Acetyl-L-Aspartic acid: A literature review of a compound prominent in 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of brain

Birken, David L.; Oldendorf, William H.

doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(89)80048-x

Cited by 721 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…NAA is thought to be distributed throughout the brain in neurons but not in glia (Moffet et aI.,199 1). Recent observations suggest that brain NAA is decreased in acute and chronic conditions where neuronal loss has occurred (Birken and Oldendorf, 1989). Al though a trend toward greater reduction in N AA peak areas was seen during and after ischemia in group C (extreme hyperglycemia), the difference from preocclusion values was not statistically sig nificant because of variability in peak areas and the small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Widmer

Abiko

Faden

et al. 1992

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary:The effects of hyperglycemia on the time course of changes in cerebral energy metabolite concen trations and intracellular pH were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in rats sub jected to temporary complete brain ischemia. Interleaved 31p and IH NMR spectra were obtained every 5 min be fore, during, and for 2 h after a 30-min bilateral carotid occlusion preceded by permanent occlusion of the basilar artery. The findings were compared with free fatty acid and excitatory amino acid levels as well as with cations and water content in funnel-frozen brain specimens. One hour before occlusion, nine rats received 50% glucose (12 mJJkg i.p.) and five received 7% saline (12 mllkg i.p.). Before ischemia, there were no differences in cerebral metabolite levels or pH between hyperglycemic rats and controls. During the carotid occlusion, the lactatelN acetylaspartate (Lac/NAA) peak ratio was higher (0.73- 456phate were totally depleted in both groups. Within 5-15 min after the onset of reperfusion, the LaclNAA peak ratio increased further in all rats; however, only in ex tremely hyperglycemic rats (serum glucose> 960 mg/dl) did the lactic acidosis progress rather than recover later during reperfusion. Total free fatty acid and excitatory amino acid levels, but not cation concentration or water content, in brain correlated with serum glucose levels during and after ischemia and with NMR findings after 2 h of reperfusion. Although profound hyperglycemia (se rum glucose of 970-1 ,650 mg/dl) appears to be associated with progression of anaerobic glycolysis and failure of cerebral energy metabolism to recover after temporary complete brain ischemia and with postischemic excito toxic and lipolytic reactions thought to participate in de layed cellular injury, severe hyperglycemia (490-720 mg/ dl) was associated with recovery of energy metabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Widmer

Abiko

Faden

et al. 1992

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…N-acetylaspartate occurs in high concentrations in neurons and is virtually undetectable in other tissue types (Birken and Oldendorf 1989). Levels of NAA are presumed to reflect changes of neuronal density or metabolism, in contrast to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which reflects nonspecific changes of both neurons and glia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortisol levels are positively correlated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate

Neylan

Schuff

Lenoci

et al. 2003

Biological Psychiatry

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“…As the most prominent metabolite peak on the 1 H spectrum, NAA levels are typically reported as a ratio using the total creatine signal (creatine plus phosphocreatine, Cr þ PCr) as an internal reference peak (NAA/Cr þ PCr). 2,3 In healthy individuals, NAA is present in the brain at concentrations of 8-10 mmol/l, 4 and thus follows glutamate as the second most abundant amino acid in the central nervous system. 5 After early research with rat brain mitochondria suggested that NAA is of mitochondrial origin, 6 Truckenmiller et al 7 demonstrated that NAA is synthesized in mitochondria by the membrane-bound enzyme L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase, a catalyst that is found only in the brain ( Figure 2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

2005

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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) affords a noninvasive window on in vivo brain chemistry and, as such, provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the biochemical pathology of bipolar disorder. Studies utilizing proton ( 1 H) MRS have identified changes in cerebral concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate, glutamate/glutamine, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and lactate in bipolar subjects compared to normal controls, while studies using phosphorus ( 31 P) MRS have examined additional alterations in levels of phosphocreatine, phosphomonoesters, and intracellular pH. We hypothesize that the majority of MRS findings in bipolar subjects can be fit into a more cohesive bioenergetic and neurochemical model of bipolar illness that is both novel and yet in concordance with findings from complementary methodological approaches. In this review, we propose a hypothesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder that involves impaired oxidative phosphorylation, a resultant shift toward glycolytic energy production, a decrease in total energy production and/or substrate availability, and altered phospholipid metabolism. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 900-919.

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N-Acetyl-L-Aspartic acid: A literature review of a compound prominent in 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of brain

Cited by 721 publications

References 73 publications

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Cortisol levels are positively correlated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

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N-Acetyl-L-Aspartic acid: A literature review of a compound prominent in 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of brain

Cited by 721 publications

References 73 publications

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of1H and31P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of1H and31P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Cortisol levels are positively correlated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate

Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels

Effects of Hyperglycemia on the Time Course of Changes in Energy Metabolism and pH during Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats: Correlation of¹H and³¹P NMR Spectroscopy with Fatty Acid and Excitatory Amino Acid Levels