Myxozoan Life Cycles: Practical Approaches and Insights

Eszterbauer, Edit; Diamant, Arik; Morris, David J.; El‐Matbouli, Mansour; Hartikainen, Hanna

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_10

Cited by 50 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…The majority of vertebrate hosts are freshwater and marine fish, and transmission usually takes place via water borne spores. Only a small fraction (~2%) of myxozoan life-cycles has, however, been resolved or 55 inferred (Atkinson and Bartholomew, 2009;Eszberbauer et al, 2015). Especially enigmatic are the life cycles of myxozoans that infect shrews, amphibians and wildfowl (Bartholomew et al, 2008;Hallett et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing myxozoan presence and diversity using environmental DNA

Hartikainen

Bass

Briscoe

et al. 2016

International Journal for Parasitology

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Amplicon sequencing on a High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) platform (custom barcoding) was used to detect and characterise myxosporean communities in environmental DNA samples from marine and freshwater environments and in faeces of animals that may serve as hosts or whose prey may host myxosporean infections. A diversity of myxozoans in filtered water samples and in faeces of piscivores (otters and great cormorants) was detected, demonstrating the suitability of lineage specific amplicons for characterising otherwise difficult to sample parasite communities. The importance of using the approach was highlighted by the lack of myxosporean detection using commonly employed, broadly-targeted eukaryote primers. These results suggest that, despite being frequently present in eDNA samples, myxozoans have been generally overlooked in 'eukaryote-wide' surveys. Lineage-specific primers in contrast detected 107 OTUs that were assigned to both the "freshwater" and "marine" myxosporean lineages. Only 7% of these OTUs clustered with sequences in GenBank, providing evidence for substantial undescribed myxosporean diversity. Many new OTUs, including those found in otter faeces, clustered with a clade of myxosporeans previously characterized by sequences from invertebrate hosts and water samples only. Because myxozoan species identification is highly reliant on molecular signatures, lineage-specific amplicon sequencing offers an effective and non-destructive means of improving our knowledge of myxozoan diversity. In addition, the analysis of myxozoan DNA in faeces of piscivores offers a potentially efficient method of sampling for diversity and revealing life cycles as piscivore activities may integrate myxozoan infections in fish over relatively broad spatial scales. *Graphical Abstract (for review) Highlights eDNA reveals diversity across the myxosporean phylogeny in water and faecal samples  A custom barcoding approach amplifies myxosporean SSU rDNA that is missed in 'eukaryote-wide' surveys  Piscivore activities may be useful in integrating myxozoan infections in prey over broad spatial scales  Recommendations for assessing the presence of myxozoans in eDNA are provided AbstractAmplicon sequencing on a High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) platform (custom barcoding) was used to detect and characterise myxosporean communities in environmental DNA samples from marine and freshwater environments and in faeces of animals that may serve as hosts or whose prey 25 may host myxosporean infections. A diversity of myxozoans in filtered water samples and in faeces of piscivores (otters and great cormorants) was detected, demonstrating the suitability of lineage specific amplicons for characterising otherwise difficult to sample parasite communities. The importance of using the approach was highlighted by the lack of myxosporean detection using commonly employed, broadly-targeted eukaryote primers. These results suggest that, despite being 30 frequently present in eDNA samples, myxozoans have been generally overlooked in 'euk...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing myxozoan presence and diversity using environmental DNA

Hartikainen

Bass

Briscoe

et al. 2016

International Journal for Parasitology

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“…Hence, disease prevalence may be influenced by habitat and environmental factors that affect the fish, the infective stage (actinospore or myxospore) or invertebrate host. Unfortunately, the invertebrate host for M. Inornatus has not yet been identified, although it is likely an oligochaete (Eszterbauer et al., ). Our model indicated a positive relationship between M. Inornatus prevalence and agricultural land use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, mortality in juvenile rainbow trout infected with M. Cerebralis increased significantly with elevated water temperature and the combined effects of water temperature and the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Bernardet and Grimont; Schisler et al., ). Environmental conditions may have direct effects on the fish's ability to resist or survive disease or indirect effects by affecting the parasite life cycle, which generally requires an invertebrate host (Eszterbauer et al., ). Anthropogenic alterations to the landscape that result in an increase in sediment and nutrient loading to streams, such as livestock grazing, sewage effluents and agricultural land use practices, can result in an increased density of aquatic invertebrate hosts and ultimately an increase in myxozoan prevalence in fish (Granath, ; Kaeser & Sharpe, ; Marcogliese & Cone, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability of myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus inornatus, prevalence in young of the year smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania

Schall

Blazer

Walsh

et al. 2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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A myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus inornatus, is one disease agent identified in young of the year (YOY) smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania. We investigated spatial and temporal variability in M. Inornatus prevalence across the Susquehanna River Basin and at several out-of-basin sites. We examined potential land use drivers of M. Inornatus prevalence including agricultural and developed land use. In 1,267 YOY smallmouth bass collected from 32 sites during 2013-2016, M. Inornatus was documented in 43.6% of samples. Among-site variability in parasite prevalence was greater than among-year variability. The effect of agricultural land use on M. Inornatus prevalence had a high probability of being positively correlated at multiple spatial scales (probability of positive effect > 0.80). The effect of developed land use on M. Inornatus prevalence had a relatively high probability of being negatively correlated at multiple spatial scales (probability of negative effect > 0.70). Our results suggest that land use practices could be related to M. Inornatus infection of smallmouth bass. Further study will be necessary to determine whether disease dynamics are a consequence of effects on the host, alterations of instream habitat mediating invertebrate host dynamics and/or survival and dispersal of the parasite infective stage.

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“…The majority of known life cycles involve freshwater species that use oligochaetes as invertebrate definitive hosts (see Eszterbauer et al, 2015). In marine environments, polychaetes have been suggested to be the hosts of choice (Køie et al, 2004(Køie et al, , 2007(Køie et al, , 2008Rangel et al, 2009Rangel et al, , 2011Rangel et al, , 2016a; Karlsbakk and Køie, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of sphaeractinomyxon in the life cycle of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) reveals high functionality of actinospore morphotype in promoting transmission

et al. 2020

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Four new actinospore types belonging to the sphaeractinomyxon collective group (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) are described from the coelomic cavity of a marine Baltidrilus sp. (Oligochaeta, Naididae) inhabiting a northern Portuguese estuary. Host identification supports the usage of marine oligochaetes, namely of the family Naididae Ehrenberg, 1828, as definitive hosts for myxosporeans inhabiting estuarine/marine environments. The absence of mixed infections in the host specimens analysed is suggested to reflect the influence of host-, parasite- and environmental-related factors regulating myxosporean–annelid interactions. Molecular analyses matched the SSU rDNA sequences of three of the four new types with those of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus spp., namely Myxobolus mugiliensis and a Myxobolus sp. from flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus, and Myxobolus labrosus from thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus. These results directly link, for the first time, the sphaeractinomyxon collective group to a myxospore counterpart, further confirming their previously hypothesized specific involvement in the life cycle of myxobolids that infect mullets. Acknowledging this life cycle relationship, the functionality of the sphaeractinomyxon morphotype is suggested to have been decisive for the evolutionary hyperdiversification of the genus Myxobolus in mullets. Unlike other actinospore morphotypes, sphaeractinomyxon lack valvular processes, which implies a limited capability for buoyancy. Considering the benthic-feeding nature of mullets, this feature is most likely crucial in promoting successful transmission to the vertebrate host.

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Myxozoan Life Cycles: Practical Approaches and Insights

Cited by 50 publications

References 147 publications

Assessing myxozoan presence and diversity using environmental DNA

Assessing myxozoan presence and diversity using environmental DNA

Spatial and temporal variability of myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus inornatus, prevalence in young of the year smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania

Involvement of sphaeractinomyxon in the life cycle of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) reveals high functionality of actinospore morphotype in promoting transmission

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