Myxozoa + Polypodium : A Common Route to Endoparasitism

Okamura, Beth; Gruhl, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.01.007

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our analyses suggest that the basal divergence of the Myxo- Multigene analyses firmly place P. hydriforme as a sister taxon to the Myxozoa (present study; Chang et al, 2015). P. hydriforme uses acipenseriform fishes as hosts during larval development of a freeliving and free-reproducing adult life cycle, and it had been suggested that both, Polypodium and the Myxozoa first exploited early primitive fish and thereafter only the myxozoans adopted invertebrate hosts for the development of their adult stages (Okamura & Gruhl, 2016;Okamura et al, 2015). In contrast, the results of the present study show compelling evidence identifying invertebrates as original hosts of myxozoans before the acquisition of fish as sec- (Raikova, 1994), while in myxozoans, it infects annelids (summarized in Morris, 2010) in contrast to first stages in fish that are multicellular (El-Matbouli, Hoffmann, & Mandok, 1995;Morris & Adams, 2008).…”

Section: Independent From Exact Dates Cnidaria Originated In the Earsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Multigene analyses firmly place P. hydriforme as a sister taxon to the Myxozoa (present study; Chang et al., ). P. hydriforme uses acipenseriform fishes as hosts during larval development of a free‐living and free‐reproducing adult life cycle, and it had been suggested that both, Polypodium and the Myxozoa first exploited early primitive fish and thereafter only the myxozoans adopted invertebrate hosts for the development of their adult stages (Okamura & Gruhl, ; Okamura et al., ). In contrast, the results of the present study show compelling evidence identifying invertebrates as original hosts of myxozoans before the acquisition of fish as secondary/intermediate hosts: (i) Although molecular proof for sphaerosporids is still lacking, all other major clades of myxozoans are characterized by different invertebrate host groups (Bryozoa, Polychaeta and Oligochaeta; representing two to three independent host acquisition events), with invertebrate and parasite phylogenies congruent down to the most basal branches, while the history of cophylogeny of myxozoans and their fish hosts repeats itself along the time axis of each major clade indicating multiple acquisitions of fish as secondary hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification-linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known.

show abstract

Section: Independent From Exact Dates Cnidaria Originated In the Earsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Myxosporea belong to a class called Myxozoa that contains another sub-class – Malacosporea. The latter group is morphologically more complex [29]. For example, Buddenbrockia (Malacosporea) have a vermiform life cycle stage [30], appear to have myocyte cells [31] and reportedly have a life cycle stage similar to a blastula that undergoes a process similar to gastrulation [32].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From tumors to species: a SCANDAL hypothesis

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ᅟSome tumor cells can evolve into transmissible parasites. Notable examples include the Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, the canine transmissible venereal tumor and transmissible cancers of mollusks. We present a hypothesis that such transmissible tumors existed in the past and that some modern animal taxa are descendants of these tumors. We expect potential candidates for SCANDALs (speciated by cancer development animals) to be simplified relatives of more complex metazoans and have genomic alterations typical for cancer progression (such as deletions of universal apoptosis genes). We considered several taxa of simplified animals for our hypothesis: dicyemida, orthonectida, myxosporea and trichoplax. Based on genomic analysis we conclude that Myxosporea appear to be the most suitable candidates for a tumor ancestry. They are simplified parasitic cnidarians that universally lack major genes implicated in cancer progression including all genes with Caspase and BCL2 domains as well as any p53 and apoptotic protease activating factor – 1 (Apaf-1) homologs, suggesting the disruption of main apoptotic pathways in their early evolutionary history. Further comparative genomics and single-cell transcriptomic studies may be helpful to test our hypothesis of speciation via a cancerous stage.ReviewersThis article was reviewed by Eugene Koonin, Mikhail Gelfand and Gregory M Woods.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13062-019-0233-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

“…The life cycle of myxozoan parasites alternates between vertebrate (mostly fish) and invertebrate (mostly annelid) hosts 9 – 11 . Consisting of only several cells, myxozoans are much reduced in size and tissue complexity compared to free-living cnidarians 6 , 12 . Nevertheless, myxozoans retain the phylum-defining stinging organelle, known as cnidocyst or nematocyst, but referred to historically as “polar capsule” in Myxozoa 2 , 13 – 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and proteomic analysis of Ceratonova shasta (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) polar capsules reveals adaptations to parasitism

Piriatinskiy

Park

Morgenstern

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Myxozoa is a diverse, speciose group of microscopic parasites, recently placed within the phylum Cnidaria. Myxozoans are highly reduced in size and complexity relative to free-living cnidarians, yet they have retained specialized organelles known as polar capsules, akin to the nematocyst stinging capsules of free-living species. Whereas in free-living cnidarians the stinging capsules are used for prey capture or defense, in myxozoans they have the essential function of initiating the host infection process. To explore the evolutionary adaptation of polar capsules to parasitism, we used as a model organism Ceratonova shasta, which causes lethal disease in salmonids. Here, we report the first isolation of C. shasta myxospore polar capsules using a tailored dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic chip. Using electron microscopy and functional analysis we demonstrated that C. shasta tubules have no openings and are likely used to anchor the spore to the host. Proteomic analysis of C. shasta polar capsules suggested that they have retained typical structural and housekeeping proteins found in nematocysts of jellyfish, sea anemones and Hydra, but have lost the most important functional group in nematocysts, namely toxins. Our findings support the hypothesis that polar capsules and nematocysts are homologous organelles, which have adapted to their distinct functions.

show abstract

Myxozoa + Polypodium : A Common Route to Endoparasitism

Abstract: 0000-0001-7279-715

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

From tumors to species: a SCANDAL hypothesis

Functional and proteomic analysis of Ceratonova shasta (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) polar capsules reveals adaptations to parasitism

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About