Myrmecofauna of cocoa trees infested by Loranthaceae genus Phragmanthera in Sodecao seed fields of Nkoemvone (South of Cameroon)

Marie, Ondoua Joseph; Mony, Ruth; Didier, Dibong Siegfried; Bruno, Ngotta Biyon Jacques; DÃ©sirÃ©, Taffouo Victor; Kenné, Martin; Emmanuel, Ekodeck Georges

doi:10.5897/jen2016.0154

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The one and most detailed community-level study in Africa was that by Room (1971Room ( , 1972aRoom ( , 1972bRoom ( , 1973 on Tapinanthus bangwensis parasitizing cocoa (Theobroma cacao) in Ghanaian horticulture, which demonstrated the role of multipartite interaction networks (such as "plant host -parasite -insect herbivore -predator") in enhancing the impact of mistletoes on their host plants. More recently, the effect of mistletoes on the arthropod abundance and diversity in the litter layer in a semi-arid savanna in southwest Zimbabwe has been assessed (Ndagurwa et al, 2014), and several other studies addressed the diversity of Formicinae and Myrmicinae ants associated with Phragmanthera capitata and P. nigritana in Cameroon (Noutcheu et al, 2013;Ondoua et al, 2016). Numerous African mistletoe species from different genera were recorded as hosts of caterpillars of species of the Pieridae (Mylothris sp.)…”

Section: Recipro C Al B Enefits: Mis Tle Toe Feeder S and P Ollinator Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

et al. 2022

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Mistletoes, as perennial hemiparasitic angiosperms that parasitize woody plants, are an important component of the highly diverse, endemically rich and mosaic African flora, which is attributed to the Holarctic, Paleotropical, and Cape Floristic kingdoms.The richness of African mistletoes from the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, along with many aspects of their biology and ecology, was covered in the comprehensive monograph of Polhill and Wiens (1998, Mistletoes of Africa, Royal Botanic Gardens). The present review is devoted to the taxonomic and functional diversity of symbionts associated with mistletoes in Africa and adjacent islands that contribute to the major biological functions of mistletoes, such as establishment and growth, nutrition and fitness, resistance to external stresses, as well as pollination and dispersal. These functions are favored by more or less distinct sets of associated bionts, including host plants, animal herbivores, frugivorous birds, nectar-and pollen-feeding insects, and endophytic microorganisms. A separate section is devoted to mistletoe epiparasitism as a special case of host selection. All these organisms, which are components of the mistletoe-associated community and multitrophic network, define the role of mistletoes as keystone species. Some aspects of the symbiont communities are compared here with patterns reported for mistletoes from other continents, particularly to identify potential relationships that remain to be explored for the African species. In addition, properties of endophytic mistletoe associates that contribute to the plant's communication with coexisting organisms are considered. We also highlight the important gaps of knowledge of the functioning of mistletoe-associated communities in Africa and indicate some applied issues that need future attention.

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Section: Recipro C Al B Enefits: Mis Tle Toe Feeder S and P Ollinator Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

et al. 2022

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“…Le secteur cacao représente environ 2% du PIB national et 6% du PIB primaire et à peu près 30% du PIB du sous-secteur des produits agricoles destinés à l'exportation et à la transformation (Conseil Interprofessionel du Cacao, 2010). La pratique de la cacaoculture est confrontée à plusieurs problèmes tels que le dessèchement des arbres et les pourritures dues aux par différents champignons (Ondoua et al, 2016); en plus de ces bio agresseurs, une nouvelle menace pèse sur la cacaoculture, il s'agit des hémiparasites de la famille des Loranthaceae. Ils forment des touffes dans le feuillage des arbres, et sont munis d'un système d'absorption appelé haustorium qui établit un pont physiologique avec les tissus de la plante hôte, provoquant ainsi un détournement de l'eau et des éléments minéraux (Bannister et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Parasitisme des Loranthaceae sur Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) dans l’arrondissement de Tombel (Sud-Ouest Cameroun)

Biyon¹,

Iyodi²,

Tchoue³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Bio. Chem. Sci

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Au Cameroun, les Loranthaceae ont été signalées dans quelques bassins de production du cacao. Cette étude a été menée dans le but de caractériser le parasitisme des cacaoyers de la localité de Tombel, au Sud-Ouest Cameroun. Les observations des Loranthaceae ont porté sur les arbres âgés de 8 à 10 ans, et sur une superficie de 7500 m². Sur chaque pied de cacaoyer, les données suivantes ont été collectées et notés : la circonférence à 1,30 m du sol , la hauteur, le nombre de branches, les espèces de Loranthaceae présentes, et le nombre de touffes des parasites. Au total, quatre espèces de Loranthaceae ont été recensées sur les cacaoyers, Helixanthera mannii étant la plus fréquente. Le taux de parasitisme des plantations était de 35,33% et la densité parasitaire moyenne était de 3±2 touffes/arbre. Les arbres parasités ont montré des circonférences et des hauteurs significativement plus élevées que les arbres sains. Le coefficient de rang de Spearman a montré une corrélation positive et significative entre la hauteur de l’arbre et le nombre de touffes des Loranthaceae. Il s’avère donc nécessaire de mettre en place un programme de contrôle des Loranthaceae dans les plantations afin de réduire les pertes de production, mais également de mener une étude approfondie sur la biologie et l’écologie d’ Helixanthera mannii qui, dans le futur, pourrait s’avérer être une menace pour les cacaoyers. In Cameroon, Loranthaceae have been reported in some cocoa production basins. This study was conducted to characterise the parasitism of cocoa trees in the locality of Tombel, South-West Cameroon. Observations of Loranthaceae were made on trees 8 to 10 years old, and on an area of 7500 m². On each cocoa tree, the following data were collected and recorded: circumference at 1.30 m from the ground, height, number of branches, Loranthaceae species present, and number of pest clumps. In total, four species of Loranthaceae were recorded on cocoa trees, Helixanthera mannii being the most frequent. The parasitism rate of the plantations was 35.33% and the average parasite density was 3±2 clumps/tree. Parasitised trees showed significantly higher girths and heights than healthy trees. Spearman's rank coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between tree height and the number of Loranthaceae clumps. It is therefore necessary to set up a control programme for Loranthaceae in plantations in order to reduce production losses, but also to carry out an in-depth study on the biology and ecology of Helixanthera mannii, which could prove to be a threat to cocoa trees in the future.

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“…Cocoa is a cash crop for all producing countries, and is an important source of income for farmers. In Cameroon, cocoa is one of the main export products, and represents approximately 28% of non-oil exports and 40% of exports from the primary sector (Ondoua et al, 2016). Cameroon produces about 280,000 tons of cocoa beans annually and is considered as the 5 th high cocoa producer in the World (FAOSTAT, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetative propagation of selected clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by stem cuttings

Emmanuel¹,

Gusua²,

Tchapda³

et al. 2017

J. Hortic. For.

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The government of Cameroon is responsible for distributing hybrid cocoa seeds to farmers in Cameroon. These high-yielding and pod rot-resistant hybrids are obtained from self-incompatible commercial clones used for seed production by manual pollination of freshly opened flowers. The experimental procedure for the propagation technique of these clones has never been reported. The objectives of this study are to assess the effect of clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration on the growth and rooting of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) stem cuttings. The experiment consisted of 4 clones (SNK16, ICS40, UPA143 and T79/501; two cutting sources: B1 = orthotropic and B2 = Plagiotropic) and four concentrations of growth regulator (4-indol-3-butyric acid) concentrations (D0 = 0 mg, D1 = 12.5 mg, D2 = 25 mg and D3 = 37.5 mg), thus a 4 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with 3 replicates was designed. Cuttings were set and monitored weekly for shoot sprouting for 10 weeks and rooting at the 10 th week. The following parameters were measured: survival rate, number of cuttings with shoots, number of produced shoots, leaves length, number and length of produced roots. Clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration significantly affected survival rate, shoot sprouting and rooting of cocoa cuttings at p = 0.05. Overall, cuttings started producing shoots 3 weeks after setting (WAS) and at 10 WAS all the cuttings had rooted. Assessment of cuttings in Clementine propagators showed a survival rate of approximately 75%, with orthotropic cuttings showing higher results than plagiotropic cuttings, whereas, D1 (12.5 mg) was the overall effective growth regulator (IBA) concentration that induced the highest number of roots from all the clones. UPA143 was the clone with highest value for all the factors assessed. The results will be valuable in management decision when producing planting materials by stem cuttings.

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Myrmecofauna of cocoa trees infested by Loranthaceae genus Phragmanthera in Sodecao seed fields of Nkoemvone (South of Cameroon)

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels

Parasitisme des Loranthaceae sur Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) dans l’arrondissement de Tombel (Sud-Ouest Cameroun)

Vegetative propagation of selected clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by stem cuttings

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