Myopia Is Associated With Lower Vitamin D Status in Young Adults

Yazar, Seyhan; Hewitt, Alex W.; Black, Lucinda J; McKnight, Charlotte; Mountain, Jenny; Sherwin, Justin C; Oddy, Wendy H.; Coroneo, Minas T.; Lucas, Robyn; Mackey, David A.

doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14589

Cited by 94 publications

(89 citation statements)

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“…12 However, it remains unclear which of the numerous elements associated with time spent outdoors, such as light intensity, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), or distant focus, confers the reduced risk of myopia. Vitamin D concentrations have been inversely associated with myopia in some but not all studies, [13][14][15][16][17] while genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes have been associated in 1 study but not in another. 13,17 We exploited the availability of relevant existing information (ie, refractive status, UVR, education, serum vitamin D concentrations, and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes) in the European Eye Study with the objective of investigating their association with myopia.…”

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confidence: 96%

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

et al. 2017

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IMPORTANCE Myopia is becoming increasingly common globally and is associated with potentially sight-threatening complications. Spending time outdoors is protective, but the mechanism underlying this association is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of myopia with ultraviolet B radiation (UVB; directly associated with time outdoors and sunlight exposure), serum vitamin D concentrations, and vitamin D pathway genetic variants, adjusting for years in education. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA cross-sectional, population-based random sample of participants 65 years and older was chosen from 6 study centers from the European Eye Study between November 6, 2000, to November 15, 2002. Of 4187 participants, 4166 attended an eye examination including refraction, gave a blood sample, and were interviewed by trained fieldworkers using a structured questionnaire. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent of −0.75 diopters or less. Exclusion criteria included aphakia, pseudophakia, late age-related macular degeneration, and vision impairment due to cataract, resulting in 371 participants with myopia and 2797 without.EXPOSURES Exposure to UVB estimated by combining meteorological and questionnaire data at different ages, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolic pathway genes, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, and years of education.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Odds ratios (ORs) of UVB, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, vitamin D single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and myopia estimated from logistic regression.RESULT Of the included 3168 participants, the mean (SD) age was 72.4 (5) years, and 1456 (46.0%) were male. An SD increase in UVB exposure at age 14 to 19 years (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92) and 20 to 39 years (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) was associated with a reduced adjusted OR of myopia; those in the highest tertile of years of education had twice the OR of myopia (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.41-3.06). No independent associations between myopia and serum vitamin D 3 concentrations nor variants in genes associated with vitamin D metabolism were found. An unexpected finding was that the highest quintile of plasma lutein concentrations was associated with a reduced OR of myopia (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.72). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIncreased UVB exposure was associated with reduced myopia, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood. The association was not altered by adjusting for education. We found no convincing evidence for a direct role of vitamin D in myopia risk. The relationship between high plasma lutein concentrations and a lower risk of myopia requires replication.

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confidence: 96%

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

et al. 2017

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“…Another hypothesis is that exposure to bright light enhances dopamine release in the retina suppressing axial elongation [133,134]. Finally, recently few studies proposed that increased vitamin D concentrations may be behind the protective effect of time spent outdoors [135][136][137].…”

Section: Refractive Error and Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methodologies of these studies were described in detail previously [186]. In Comparison between the individuals who did and did not participate in the 20-year follow-up has been presented previously [135].…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plasma reduces the risk of myopia [135][136][137]. However, a recent study from the British Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort found no evidence that 25(OH)D levels at age 10 years mediated the association between less time spent outdoors and higher incidence of myopia, and that the previously documented association between serum 25(OH)D and myopia was potentially confounded by time spent outdoors and the degree of sun exposure [134,252].…”

Section: More Recently a Few Studies Have Proposed That Higher Vitammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…physical exercise and area of residence were investigated but not outdoor time). A following study [135] involving young adults from Western Australia also reported that participants with low 25(OH)D3 levels were more likely to be myopic even after accounting for the effect of time spent outdoors and conjunctival UV autofluorescence [135]; nonetheless,…”

Section: 382 For Europeans and N= 8376 From Asians) From Cream [1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex trait genetics: mapping, correlation and causation

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Efforts to understand the genetic aetiology of complex traits have gained a lot of momentum in the last decade. Advancement of next generation sequencing and the ever-decreasing price of genotyping platforms have allowed us to carry out a vast number of genome wide association studies (GWAS). Until relatively recently, GWAS was guided by the common disease -common genetic variation paradigm.However, recent findings and developments have made us look at the bigger picture, including rare genetic variation. In addition, methodological developments are guiding the translation of GWAS findings. For instance, diverse statistical methods can be applied on genetically informative data to estimate the genetic correlation between complex diseases. The latter can have important medical implications, as genetically correlated diseases might be responsive to the same treatments. Also, approaches such as Mendelian randomization (MR) can help investigations of causal factors in disease when is unfeasible to carry out randomized control trials.My focus is on the application of statistical methods in complex trait genetics -I cover a range of phenotypes, ranging from eye disease to cancer.

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Genetic and Environmental Factors in Conjunctival UV Autofluorescence

et al. 2015

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IMPORTANCE Conjunctival UV autofluorescence (CUVAF) photography was developed to detect and characterize preclinical sunlight-induced ocular damage. Ocular sun exposure has been related to cases of pterygia and was recently negatively correlated with myopia. Hence, CUVAF has excellent potential as an objective biomarker of sun exposure. However, much variation in CUVAF has been observed, and the relative contributions of genes and environment to this variation have not yet been identified. OBJECTIVE To investigate sources of variation in CUVAF in relation to its potential clinical relevance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 3 population-based cohort studies in the general community, including the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania, the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study, and the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The twin studies were conducted between 2001 and 2009, and the 20-year follow-up of the Raine Study was completed between March 2010 and February 2012. We included genotypic and phenotypic data from 295 Australian families in the Tasmanian and Brisbane twin studies and from 661 participants in the 20-year follow-up of the Raine Study.We compared CUVAF levels in the 3 cohorts and performed a classic twin study to partition variation in CUVAF. We also conducted a genome-wide association analysis to identify specific genetic variants associated with CUVAF. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe total area of CUVAF, heritability of CUVAF, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with CUVAF from the genome-wide association study.RESULTS Within twin cohorts, individuals living closer to the equator (latitude, 27.47°S) had higher levels of CUVAF compared with individuals from southern regions (latitude, 42.88°S) (median [interquartile range], 45.4 [26.8-68.5] vs 28.7 [15.0-42.3] mm 2 ; P < .001). The variation in CUVAF explained by the additive genetic component was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.22-0.56), whereas the variation due to the common environment was 0.50 (95% CI; 0.29-0.71). The SNP rs1060043, located approximately 800 base pairs away from the SLC1A5 gene, a member of the solute carrier family 1, had a genome-wide significant association with a P value of 3.2 × 10 −8 . Gene-based analysis did not improve our power to detect association with other genes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEOur findings confirm that, although a large environmental component to CUVAF (equivalent of sun exposure) exists, genes also play a significant role. We identified a SNP (rs1060043) as being significantly associated with CUVAF; replication of this finding in future studies is warranted.

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Myopia Is Associated With Lower Vitamin D Status in Young Adults

Cited by 94 publications

References 53 publications

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

Complex trait genetics: mapping, correlation and causation

Genetic and Environmental Factors in Conjunctival UV Autofluorescence

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