Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow

Baksh, Jiaul; Lee, Deokho; Mori, Kiwako; Zhang, Yan; Torii, Hidemasa; Jeong, Heonuk; Hou, Jing; Negishi, Kazuno; Tsubota, Kazuo; Kurihara, Toshihide

doi:10.3390/jcm13102777

JCM

2024

DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102777

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Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow

Jiaul Baksh,

Deokho Lee,

Kiwako Mori

et al.

Abstract: Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular matrix remodeling, which leads to axial elongation and further myopia progression. As ChT and ChBF could be used as potential biomarkers for the progression of myopia, several recent myopia treatments have targeted alterations … Show more

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Cited by 4 publications

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Palladium nanocrystals regulates scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in myopic progression by modulating the hypoxia signaling pathway Nrf-2/Ho-1

Zhang,

Yi,

Sun

et al. 2024

Journal of Controlled Release

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Palladium nanocrystals regulates scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in myopic progression by modulating the hypoxia signaling pathway Nrf-2/Ho-1

Zhang,

Yi,

Sun

et al. 2024

Journal of Controlled Release

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Myopic Maculopathy Stabilization in a Child with Progressive Complicated Myopia and Underlying Connective Tissue Dysplasia via Optical Therapy with HAL Spectacle Lenses Inducing Retinal Peripheral Defocus: Clinical Case

Kondratova

2024

Vopr. sovr. pediatr.

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Background. Myopia is a serious medical and social problem specifically due to the high risk of such complications as cataracts, myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. Children with connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) syndrome are most subjected to myopia. Prevention of myopia progression in children remains the only effective way to prevent myopic maculopathy. Significant progress in this field has been achieved via optical technologies developed on the basis of peripheral defocus theory. Clinical case description. Patient, 10 years old, with CTD, mild myopia of both eyes with rapid progression, myopic maculopathy, grade 1. Ophthalmic status: spheroequivalent refraction — right eye (–)1.5 diopters / left eye (–)1.75 diopters; vision acuity with monocular correction — 1.0. Fundoscopy: optic disc is pale pink, with clear borders, arteries and veins are well-proportioned, their courses and calibers are intact; choriocapillary layer attenuation in the macular and paramacular zones, “parquet fundus”; areas of pigment redistribution on peripheral retina; no atrophic foci detected; anterior-posterior axis of the right and left eyes — 26.2 and 26.3 mm, respectively. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revealed retinal thinning in the upper and nasal sectors in the right eye during the first assessment. The left eye has demonstrated losses of retinal thickness within the middle parafoveal zone and significant thinning in the upper segment. Optical therapy with HAL spectacle lenses (inducing volumetric myopic peripheral defocus) was assigned to control myopia to slow down the pathological axial growth of the child's eyes and to stabilize refraction. 4 months of wearing glasses with HAL lenses has led to the stabilization of dystrophic changes in retina, signs of improvement in several sectors by were observed on OCT. No negative changes were revealed in all parafoveal segments of the left eye. The child was recommended to continue wearing glasses with HAL lenses with dynamic follow-up every 3 months. Conclusion. CTD in children is associated with high risk of complications in case of myopia progression, moreover, retinal pathology can occur even with mild myopia. Optical therapy with HAL spectacle lenses is effective and safe first treatment of choice in the control of myopia in children with CTD, and opens new opportunities in prevention of progressive myopia disabling complications in children, whose treatment results were not previously sufficient.

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Oxygen, the Paradox of Life and the Eye

Rusciano,

Bagnoli

2024

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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Oxidative stress, caused by the formation of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), leads to cell and tissue degradation, contributing to various diseases and aging. While oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms, it inevitably causes oxidative stress. Antioxidants protect against damage from free radicals, and oxidative stress arises when an imbalance occurs between free radical production and antioxidant defenses. However, when investigating whether an excess of antioxidants, almost eliminating oxidative stress, could benefit aging and disease susceptibility, it was observed that a basic level of oxidative stress appears necessary to maintain the correct homeostasis of tissues and organs and life in general. Therefore, this review aimed to compile the most significant and recent papers characterizing and describing the dual role of oxygen as a molecule essential for life and as a precursor of oxidative stress, which can be detrimental to life. We conducted targeted searches in PubMed and Google browsers to gather all relevant papers. We then focused on the eye, an organ particularly vulnerable due to its high metabolic activity combined with direct exposure to light and environmental pollutants, which produces a substantial number of free radicals (mainly ROS). We present a curated selection of relevant literature describing the main ocular pathologies of the posterior and anterior segments of the eye, highlighting oxidative stress as a significant contributing factor. Additionally, we report how endogenous and exogenous antioxidants can mitigate the development and progression of these diseases. Finally, we consider a frequently overlooked aspect: the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in maintaining the homeostatic equilibrium of tissues and organs. It is widely recognized that when oxidants overwhelm antioxidants, oxidative stress occurs, leading to negative consequences for the organism's homeostasis. However, we emphasize that a similarly dangerous situation can arise when the presence of antioxidants overwhelms the production of free radicals, drastically reducing their amount and adversely affecting aging and longevity. Unfortunately, no specific studies have addressed this particular situation in the eye.

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Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow

Cited by 4 publications

References 100 publications

Palladium nanocrystals regulates scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in myopic progression by modulating the hypoxia signaling pathway Nrf-2/Ho-1

Palladium nanocrystals regulates scleral extracellular matrix remodeling in myopic progression by modulating the hypoxia signaling pathway Nrf-2/Ho-1

Myopic Maculopathy Stabilization in a Child with Progressive Complicated Myopia and Underlying Connective Tissue Dysplasia via Optical Therapy with HAL Spectacle Lenses Inducing Retinal Peripheral Defocus: Clinical Case

Oxygen, the Paradox of Life and the Eye

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