Myopia and Childhood Migration

Peled, Alon; Afek, Arnon; Twig, Gilad; Pras, Eran; Rotenstreich, Ygal; Sher, Ifat; Derazne, Estela; Tzur, Dorit; Gordon, Barak

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.001

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The pre‐draft screening process, usually at 17 years of age, includes various assessments to determine military fitness, such as sociodemographic and medical history evaluations, a comprehensive medical examination by a qualified physician, and assessments of cognitive and behavioural functions 16 . Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and refraction are also measured and documented 17,18 . If abnormal findings or positive medical history arise during the medical assessment, the individual is referred for further testing or consultation with a board‐certified specialist.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non‐cycloplegic refraction measurements were obtained using an auto‐refractometer (Speedy K; Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan; KR‐8000 and KR7000S, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan; and earlier models). In some adolescents, BCVA and refraction were recorded based on the documentation of measurements performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist 17–19 . BCVA <6/9 in one eye defined unilateral VI; BCVA <6/9 in both eyes defined bilateral VI; BCVA ≥6/9 in both eyes defined normal vision 8–11 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and refraction are also measured and documented. 17,18 If abnormal findings or positive medical history arise during the medical assessment, the individual is referred for further testing or consultation with a board-certified specialist. The protocol concludes when a definitive diagnosis is ascertained and its impact on service eligibility is determined.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some adolescents, BCVA and refraction were recorded based on the documentation of measurements performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. [17][18][19] BCVA <6/9 in one eye defined unilateral VI; BCVA <6/9 in both eyes defined bilateral VI; BCVA ≥6/9 in both eyes defined normal vision. [8][9][10][11]…”

Section: Examinations and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body mass index and visual impairment in Israeli adolescents: A nationwide study

Nitzan,

Shakarchy,

Megreli

et al. 2023

Pediatric Obesity

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SummaryBackgroundPrevious research on the association between body mass index (BMI) and visual impairment (VI) in youth has reported inconsistent findings. We aimed to investigate this association in a national cohort of Israeli adolescents.MethodsThis retrospective, population‐based, cross‐sectional study included 1 697 060 adolescents (56.4% men; mean age 17 years) who underwent mandatory pre‐military service assessments from 1993 to 2017. BMI was classified based on the US age‐ and sex‐matched percentiles. Unilateral or bilateral VI was classified as best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 6/9 in either or both eyes, respectively. Sex‐stratified regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used to analyse the BMI‐VI relationship.ResultsOverall, 17 871 (1.05%) and 5148 (0.30%) adolescents had unilateral and bilateral VI, respectively. Compared with high‐normal BMI (50th to 85th percentile), adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for unilateral and bilateral VI gradually increased with higher BMI, reaching 1.33 (1.13–1.55) and 1.80 (1.37–2.35) in men with severe obesity, and 1.51 (1.24–1.84) and 1.52 (1.08–2.14) in women with severe obesity, respectively. Men with underweight also had increased ORs for unilateral and bilateral VI (1.23; 1.14–1.33 and 1.59; 1.37–1.84, respectively), a pattern not observed in women (0.96; 0.86–1.07 and 1.02; 0.83–1.25, respectively). Results were maintained when the outcome was restricted to mild VI, as well as in subgroups of adolescents with unimpaired health and those without moderate‐to‐severe myopia.ConclusionsAbnormal BMI, and particularly obesity, is associated with increased OR for VI in late adolescence.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Examinations and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body mass index and visual impairment in Israeli adolescents: A nationwide study

Nitzan,

Shakarchy,

Megreli

et al. 2023

Pediatric Obesity

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“…For example, the prevalence of myopia in immigrant children arriving in Israel at an older age was lower than in children born in Israel or children immigrating at an earlier age [35]. Migrant studies demonstrate how health in people immigrating to a new country can decline as immigrants adjust to life in their adopted country, "perhaps caused by changes in nutrition, customs and lifestyle" and other factors [36].…”

Section: Nutritional Epidemiology Of Myopia and Dietary Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia, Sodium Chloride, and Vitreous Fluid Imbalance: A Nutritional Epidemiology Perspective

Brown

2024

Epidemiologia

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Theories of myopia etiology based on near work and lack of outdoor exposure have had inconsistent support and have not prevented the rising prevalence of global myopia. New scientific theories in the cause and prevention of myopia are needed. Myopia prevalence is low in native people consuming traditional diets lacking in sodium chloride, and nutritional epidemiological evidence supports the association of rising myopia prevalence with dietary sodium intake. East Asian populations have among the highest rates of myopia associated with high dietary sodium. Similar associations of sodium and rising myopia prevalence were observed in the United States in the late 20th century. The present perspective synthesizes nutritional epidemiology evidence with pathophysiological concepts and proposes that axial myopia occurs from increased fluid retention in the vitreous of the eye, induced by dietary sodium chloride intake. Salt disturbs ionic permeability of retinal membranes, increases the osmotic gradient flow of fluid into the vitreous, and stretches ocular tissue during axial elongation. Based on the present nutritional epidemiology evidence, experimental research should investigate the effect of sodium chloride as the cause of myopia, and clinical research should test a very low-salt diet in myopia correction and prevention.

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Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents

Peled

Nitzan

Megreli

et al. 2022

Obesity

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ObjectiveThis study analyzed the association between adolescent BMI and myopia severity.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study comprised 1,359,153 adolescents who were medically examined before mandatory military service. Mild‐to‐moderate and high myopia were defined based on right‐eye refractive data. BMI was categorized based on the US age‐ and sex‐matched percentiles. Logistic regression models were applied separately for women and men to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for myopia per BMI category.ResultsA total of 318,712 adolescents had mild‐to‐moderate myopia and 23,569 had high myopia. Compared with low‐normal BMI (reference group), adjusted ORs for mild‐to‐moderate and high myopia increased with increasing BMI status, reaching 1.39 (95% CI: 1.23‐1.57) and 1.73 (95% CI: 1.19‐2.51) for men with severe obesity, respectively, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.12‐1.27) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.14‐1.65) for women with mild obesity, respectively. ORs for mild‐to‐moderate and high myopia were also higher in men with underweight (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.18‐1.23 and OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.30‐1.47) and women with underweight (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03‐1.09 and OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.22). The overall size effect was greater for men than women (pinteraction < 0.001), in whom the group with severe obesity did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsBMI was associated with myopia in a J‐shaped pattern, with the size effect being greater for adolescent men than women. This study indicates that both low BMI and high BMI are associated with mild‐to‐moderate and severe myopia.

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Myopia and Childhood Migration

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Body mass index and visual impairment in Israeli adolescents: A nationwide study

Body mass index and visual impairment in Israeli adolescents: A nationwide study

Myopia, Sodium Chloride, and Vitreous Fluid Imbalance: A Nutritional Epidemiology Perspective

Myopia and BMI: a nationwide study of 1.3 million adolescents

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