Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore

Ding, Boyuan; Shih, Yung‐Feng; Lin, Li‐Deh; Hsiao, Chuhsing Kate; Wang, I‐Jong

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.03.006

Cited by 112 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 68 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The prevalence ranged from 0.7% in Saudi Arabia (children aged 3 to 10 years) [35], 1.4% in South America (children aged 5-15 years) [28] to 65.5% in a cohort of 3rd year junior high school students (age 14-15 years; mean 15.25 ± 0.46 years) in the Haidian district of Beijing. The highest prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren was reported in East Asia and Singapore, urban areas of China, Taiwan and South Korea [39,40]. In Europe the prevalence rates reached 42.7% in a 10-19-year French cohort [24].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In School Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

show abstract

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In School Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Myopia risk factors in the questionnaire were identified and assessed based on the results of our pilot study and thorough literature reviews. 12,15,28,29 To further confirm the relationships between different electronic devices and myopic refraction, we collected information on reading and writing, using smart phones, tablets, and computers and watching television, separately. The questionnaire addressed the children's engagement in these activities throughout the day, i.e.…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic devices and myopic refraction among children aged 6‐14 years in urban areas of Tianjin, China

Liu

Wei

et al. 2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose To assess associations between different types of electronic devices, myopic refraction and ocular biometric parameters in children aged 6–14 years in urban areas of Tianjin, China. Methods A school‐based, cross‐sectional study was performed on 566 children (302 boys and 264 girls). The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. The children's parents completed a detailed questionnaire that included each child's demographics, the use of electronic devices and other related risk factors. Results Myopia was not associated with time spent using various electronic devices. However, the mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) decreased by 0.28 D (p = 0.042) and 0.33 D (p = 0.018) for each 1‐h increase in the time spent using smart phones and computers, respectively. In the multiple linear regression analyses of factors associated with the SER, the standardised coefficient B for time spent reading and writing was approximately four to five times larger than the standardised coefficient for time spent using smart phones or computers. Time spent using tablets and watching television was not significantly associated with the SER. A longer axial length (AL) was associated with more time spent using smart phones (B = 0.23, p = 0.006) and computers (B = 0.26, p = 0.002) but not using tablets (p = 0.45) and watching television (p = 0.45). No significant association was found between other ocular biometric parameters and time spent using various electronic devices. Conclusions On average, a more myopic SER and longer AL were both associated with more time spent using smart phones and computers, but not with time spent using tablets and watching television. The magnitude of the association between SER and time spent reading and writing was a substantially larger than that for smart phone or computer use. Different types of electronic devices had differing levels of association with myopic refraction.

show abstract

“…Asian countries are at the front of this wave, for example, over 20 years ago, 84% of 16 to 18 year olds in Taiwan were found to be myopic 2 . Recent estimates of urban populations in South Korea and China are also over 80% 3 . Western countries are following behind; the proportion of myopic children in the United Kingdom has doubled in the last 50 years 4 and, among a sample of the 1958 British birth cohort, 49% individuals in their early 40s were found to be myopic 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia Control 2020: Where are we and where are we heading?

Bullimore

Richdale

2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: This review arms practitioners with the evidence-based information they need to fully manage myopia. Recent findings: The recent peer-reviewed literature is critically evaluated to provide a comprehensive analysis of the safety and efficacy of behavioural, optical and pharmaceutical myopia management. Importantly, the paper addresses not only who to treat, but how to treat them, and when to stop or modify treatments. Finally, the paper discusses expectations for treatment and why slowing myopia by even 1 dioptre improves long term health outcomes. Summary: The management of an individual child should be underpinned by the evidence-based literature and clinicians must stay alert to ongoing myopia research that will undoubtedly result in an evolution of the standard of care for the myopic and pre-myopic child.

show abstract

Myopia among schoolchildren in East Asia and Singapore

Cited by 112 publications

References 68 publications

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Electronic devices and myopic refraction among children aged 6‐14 years in urban areas of Tianjin, China

Myopia Control 2020: Where are we and where are we heading?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About