Myopia

Fredrick, Douglas R.

doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195

Cited by 161 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It affects more than 25% of adults in Western Europe and America, and its prevalence exceeds 70% in some urban areas of East Asia (2)(3)(4). High myopia, defined as refractive error greater than -6 or more diopters, affects approximately 1%-3% of the population (5) and is a significant risk factor for ocular comorbidity, including retinal detachment, macular degeneration, premature cataract, and glaucoma (1,6). Data from several study types suggest a strong genetic component to myopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SLITRK6 mutations cause myopia and deafness in humans and mice

Tekin¹,

Chioza²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2013

J. Clin. Invest.

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Myopia is by far the most common human eye disorder that is known to have a clear, albeit poorly defined, heritable component. In this study, we describe an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by high myopia and sensorineural deafness. Our molecular investigation in 3 families led to the identification of 3 homozygous nonsense mutations (p.R181X, p.S297X, and p.Q414X) in SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 6 (SLITRK6), a leucine-rich repeat domain transmembrane protein. All 3 mutant SLITRK6 proteins displayed defective cell surface localization. High-resolution MRI of WT and Slitrk6-deficient mouse eyes revealed axial length increase in the mutant (the endophenotype of myopia). Additionally, mutant mice exhibited auditory function deficits that mirrored the human phenotype. Histological investigation of WT and Slitrk6-deficient mouse retinas in postnatal development indicated a delay in synaptogenesis in Slitrk6-deficient animals. Taken together, our results showed that SLITRK6 plays a crucial role in the development of normal hearing as well as vision in humans and in mice and that its disruption leads to a syndrome characterized by severe myopia and deafness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SLITRK6 mutations cause myopia and deafness in humans and mice

Tekin¹,

Chioza²,

Matsumoto³

et al. 2013

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…At present, the explanatory factors for myopia remain uncertain, but many studies have suggested that genes, as well as the gene-environment interaction, will be the primary elements of refractive errors. [1][2][3][4][5] In addition, it has been noted that nutrition intake, particularly breastfeeding, affects retinal development and eye growth, which may have a vital role in juvenile-onset myopia. 6 Some studies have shown an association between breastfeeding and eye diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, retinal detachment, and stereoacuity, whereas others have suggested otherwise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and association with refractive error in young Singapore Chinese children

Sham

Dirani

Chong

et al. 2009

Eye

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Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate an association between spherical refractive error and breastfeeding. Methods Strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors in Singaporean preschoolers (STARS) is a cross-sectional population-based study of 3009 Chinese children aged 6-72 months conducted between June 2006 and September 2008 in Singapore. Parents were asked about the history of breastfeeding in face-to-face interviews. Children without cycloplegia or without refraction assessment were excluded. The final sample analysed was 2639 children (1375 male, 1264 female). Results Out of those who were breastfed, 842 (41.3%) were breastfed for more than 3 months and 599 (29.4%) were breastfed longer than 6 months. The prevalence of myopia, defined as the spherical equivalent refraction of the right eye of at least À0.5 dioptres (D), was 11.3% (95% CI (10.1, 12.5)). The mean spherical equivalent refraction of breastfed children was 0.12 D higher than that of children who were not breastfed (P-value ¼ 0.03). Breastfeeding, however, was not associated with myopia (adjusted OR ¼ 0.85; 95% CI (0.62, 1.18)). Conclusions The results show that breastfeeding is associated with more hyperopic spherical equivalent refraction in young Chinese children in Singapore.

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“…In our study, vitreous chamber depth represented a smaller proportion of the total axial length in amblyopic eyes than it did in the fellow eyes. The axial elongation in normal eyes stabilizes around teenage years (16) , and therefore the ocular components observed in this study may still change over time, although it is not known if there is a different growth trend in am blyo pic eyes. We found similar individual contribution from anterior cham ber depth to total axial length in amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The precise mechanisms coordinating the optical and structural development of the eye are poorly understood, but evidences suggest that there is a process of emmetropization, by which the hyperopic eye of a newborn is progressively directed towards emmetropia. There is a very fast eye growth during the first 3 years of age, the rate growth then slows, and axial length reaches its adult size around 15 years of age (16,17) . The relationships between the biometric parameters were studied in normal adult eyes and showed: positive correlations between lens thickness and age, spherical equivalent and age, axial length and anterior chamber depth; negative correlations between anterior chamber depth and age, vitreous chamber depth and age, spherical equivalent and years of formal education (18) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biometric relationships of ocular components in esotropic amblyopia

Debert¹,

Polati

Jesus

et al. 2012

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Purpose: To investigate the contribution of the individual ocular components, i.e. anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth, to total axial length in patients with esotropic amblyopia. Methods: The study population consisted of 74 children, aged between 5 and 8 years: thirty-seven patients with esotropic amblyopia and 37 healthy volunteers (control group). The participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examina tion, including cycloplegic refraction and A-scan ultrasonography. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth and total axial length were recorded. Paired Student's t-tests were used to compare biometric measurements between amblyopic eyes and their fellow eyes and between right and left eyes in the control group. To evaluate the contribution of the ocular components to the total axial length, we report the individual components as a percentage of total axial length. Results:The comparison between amblyopic and fellow eyes regarding the individual contribution from ocular components to the total axial length revealed greater contribution from lens thickness (P=0.001) and smaller contribution from vitreous chamber depth (P=0.001) in amblyopic eyes, despite similar contribution from anterior chamber depth (P=0.434). The comparison between right and left eyes in the control group showed similar contributions from anterior chamber depth (P=0.620), lens thickness (P=0.721), and vitreous chamber depth (P=0.483). Conclusions: This study shows differences between amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes when the total axial length is broken down into the individual contribution from the ocular components.

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Myopia

Cited by 161 publications

References 28 publications

SLITRK6 mutations cause myopia and deafness in humans and mice

SLITRK6 mutations cause myopia and deafness in humans and mice

Breastfeeding and association with refractive error in young Singapore Chinese children

Biometric relationships of ocular components in esotropic amblyopia

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