Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone

Gomarasca, Marta; Banfi, Giuseppe; Lombardi, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.010

Cited by 177 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 289 publications

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“…Irisin is a small peptide (12 kDa) that is formed by proteolysis of fibronectin III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). It is a membrane-bound protein secreted from skeletal muscle in reaction to physical activity or shivering [16]. Exercise was shown to induce irisin secretion [20,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, exercise induces secretion of myokines that compensate for the harmful effects of these proinflammatory adipokines [15]. Myokines control autocrine function in muscle metabolism and paracrine/endocrine regulatory function in distant organs and tissues such as bone, adipose tissue, brain, and liver [16]. The currently known major myokines are interleukins (IL)-4, 6, 7, 8, and 15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, and myostatin [15,17].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Roh

Cho

2020

IJERPH

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Purpose: Regular exercise can alleviate oxidative stress related to obesity and can induce secretion of myokines that are involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. There are no studies examining changes in these variables as a result of Taekwondo training intervention. We aimed to investigate the effect of Taekwondo training on oxidative stress and myokine levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: We randomly assigned 20 overweight and obese adolescents to control (control group; CG, n = 10) and experimental (experimental group; EG, n = 10) groups. The EG performed Taekwondo training five times a week for 16 weeks. Physical parameters (height, weight, body mass index (BMI)), physical fitness (maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) (cardiorespiratory endurance), grip and leg strength (muscular strength), sit-and-reach (flexibility), Sargent jump (power), and stork stand test (balance)) were measured before and after intervention. We measured levels of serum oxidative stress markers (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and myokines (serum interleukin-15 (IL-15), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), irisin, and myostatin). Results: The weight and BMI in the EG after intervention were significantly lower and leg strength (muscular strength), sit-and-reach (flexibility), and Sargent jump (power) were significantly improved compared to those of the CG (p < 0.05). There were no significant interaction effects in terms of height, VO 2 max, grip strength, or stork stand test (p > 0.05). The SOD and BDNF level after intervention were significantly higher in the EG after the intervention, whereas MDA and irisin levels were significantly lower than those of the CG (p < 0.05). There were no significant interaction effects in terms of serum IL-15 and myostatin levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Taekwondo training can reduce obesity and increase physical fitness with respect to muscular strength, flexibility, and power as well as alleviate oxidative stress and modulate myokine secretion in adolescents. pulmonary, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, inducing comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and steatohepatitis [1]. Oxidative stress increased by obesity can exacerbate the severity of these diseases [5][6][7][8]. In particular, fat accumulation correlated with systemic oxidative stress, and increased fatty acids level increased oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation [5,8]. Treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in adipose tissue and attenuated dysregulation of adipocytokines, improved diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic steatosis [5].A bout of high intensity exercise induces excessive ROS production that is linked with lipid and peroxidation, having deleterious impact on cells and tissues [9]. However, regular exercise with proper intensity is an effective way to prevent and improve obesity by increasing the activatio...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Roh

Cho

2020

IJERPH

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“…Studies have shown that HD skeletal muscle is hyperexcitable, which can cause involuntary and prolonged contractions that may contribute to chorea [27] and could produce elevated levels of IL-6. However, it is also known that chronically elevated IL-6 production can promote skeletal muscle wasting [28,29] and muscular atrophy [30]. In addition to the general skeletal muscle dysfunction occurring in HD [5,[31][32][33], skeletal muscle wasting and/or atrophy is likely to represent a significant component of HD pathogenesis [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Interleukin-6 in Saliva, but Not Plasma, Correlate with Clinical Metrics in Huntington’s Disease Patients and Healthy Control Subjects

Corey–Bloom

R²,

Kim

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Growing evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both the brain and peripheral tissues, contribute to disease pathology in Huntington’s disease (HD), an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder typically affecting adults in their 30–40 s. Hence, studies of inflammation-related markers in peripheral fluids might be useful to better characterize disease features. In this study, we measured levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B), and alpha-amylase (AA) in saliva and plasma from n = 125 subjects, including n = 37 manifest HD patients, n = 36 premanifest patients, and n = 52 healthy controls, using immunoassays. We found increases in salivary levels of IL-6, IL-1B and CRP across different disease groups and increased levels of IL-6 in the plasma of HD patients as compared to premanifest patients and controls. The levels of salivary IL-6 were significantly correlated with each of the other salivary markers, as well as with IL-6 levels measured in plasma. Further, salivary IL-6 and IL-1B levels were significantly positively correlated with Total Motor Score (TMS) and chorea scores and negatively correlated with Total Functional Capacity (TFC) in HD patients, whereby in healthy control subjects, IL-6 was significantly negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Symbol Digit Modalities test (SDM). Interestingly, the plasma levels of IL-6 did not show similar correlations to any clinical measures in either HD or control subjects. These findings suggest that salivary IL-6 is particularly relevant as a potential non-invasive biomarker for HD symptoms. The advent of an effective, dependable salivary biomarker would meet the urgent need for a less invasive means of identifying and monitoring HD disease progression.

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“…Indeed, among molecular mechanisms linking loading and bone, exercise-induced myokines could suppress inflammation, a process which is often raised as a consequence of aging, menopause, dysmetabolism and physical inactivity. In addition to the direct effect of the mechanical loading, physical activity might physiologically modulate bone remodeling through the production of myokines [ 224 , 225 ].…”

Section: Final General Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Physical Exercise Always Improve Bone Quality in Rats?

Portier

Benaîtreau

Pallu

2020

Life

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For decades, the osteogenic effect from different physical activities on bone in rodents remained uncertain. This literature review presents for the first time the effects on five exercise models (treadmill running, wheel running, swimming, resistance training and vibration modes) in three different experimental rat groups (males, females, osteopenic) on bone quality. The bone parameters presented are bone mineral density, micro-architectural and mechanical properties, and osteoblast/osteocyte and osteoclast parameters. This review shows that physical activities have a positive effect (65% of the results) on bone status, but we clearly observed a difference amongst the different protocols. Even if treadmill running is the most used protocol, the resistance training constitutes the first exercise model in term of osteogenic effects (87% of the whole results obtained on this model). The less osteogenic model is the vibration mode procedure (31%). It clearly appears that the gender plays a role on the bone response to swimming and wheel running exercises. Besides, we did not observe negative results in the osteopenic population with impact training, wheel running and vibration activities. Moreover, about osteoblast/osteocyte parameters, we conclude that high impact and resistance exercise (such jumps and tower climbing) seems to increase bone formation more than running or aerobic exercise. Among the different protocols, literature has shown that the treadmill running procedure mainly induces osteogenic effects on the viability of the osteocyte lineage in both males and females or ovariectomized rats; running in voluntary wheels contributes to a negative effect on bone metabolism in older male models; whole-body vertical vibration is not an osteogenic exercise in female and ovariectomized rats; whereas swimming provides controversial results in female models. For osteoclast parameters only, running in a voluntary wheel for old males, the treadmill running program at high intensity in ovariectomized rats, and the swimming program in a specific ovariectomy condition have detrimental consequences.

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Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone

Cited by 177 publications

References 289 publications

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Effects of Regular Taekwondo Intervention on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Myokines in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Levels of Interleukin-6 in Saliva, but Not Plasma, Correlate with Clinical Metrics in Huntington’s Disease Patients and Healthy Control Subjects

Does Physical Exercise Always Improve Bone Quality in Rats?

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