“…Since some populations of TAMs are derived from MDSCs, the mechanisms of suppressive activities of TAMs are similar to those of MDSCs (16,17,21,22,25). For instance, the ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37: 3461-3471 (2017) 3466 suppressive function of TAMs and MDSCs is partly mediated by the metabolism of L-arginine, which is determined by the expression of high levels of arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, both of which inhibit T cell proliferation (16,17,21,22,25). In addition, both TAMs and MDSCs produce Treg-related chemokines to recruit Tregs to the tumor microenvironment (16,17,21,22,(25)(26)(27).…”